One of the most frequently raised questions in contemporary Islamic thought concerns the relationship between scholarly disagreement and objective truth. If eminent Muslim scholars, all deeply rooted in the Qur'an,...

The history of India’s freedom struggle is a vast and complex narrative in which people belonging to different religions, regions, political traditions and social backgrounds participated. Any comprehensive account of...

Introduction: Among the most fundamental principles governing Islamic epistemology is the Qur'ānic distinction between Muḥkamāt (clear, decisive verses) and Mutashābihāt (ambiguous or allegorical verses). This distinction is not merely a...

The Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad(SAW) cannot be separated if Islam is to be understood in its complete and authentic form. The Qur’an is the revealed Word...

Introduction: One of the defining characteristics of contemporary atheism is its insistence that human existence can be understood, explained, and fulfilled without reference to God. While atheistic thought is by...

Difference of opinion is an unavoidable feature of human intellectual and social life. Human beings differ in their intellectual capacities, experiences, circumstances, knowledge, methods of reasoning, and approaches to interpreting...

A profound question lies at the heart of every serious intellectual and religious journey: Why do we seek knowledge? Is knowledge merely a means of acquiring information, obtaining academic degrees,...

Introduction: One of the defining characteristics of contemporary atheism is its insistence that human existence can be understood, explained, and fulfilled without reference to God. While atheistic thought is by...

"The Qalandar never falls at the feet of circumstances; even a fallen star does not descend to the dust." Prof. Hamid Naseem Rafiabadi The figure of the Qalandar occupies one...

Introduction: Among the most enduring debates in modern Islamic philosophy is the question of whether Imam Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (d. 1111 CE) created a rupture between reason and intuition that...