Bilal Bashir Bhat
Nature provides a multitude of benefits to humans such as control of crop pests by their natural enemies or crop pollination by animals. These functions are known as ecosystem services and are of crucial importance for agricultural and horticultural production. Since then agricultural intensification has successfully increased food production, following the steadily increasing demand due to human population growth. However, the intensification of agricultural production in recent decades has led to a decline and loss of biodiversity due to increasing use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides & fungicides. J&K State is well known for its Agriculture and horticultural produce both in India and abroad. The state offers good scope for cultivation of horticultural crops, covering a variety of temperate fruits like apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, almond, cherry etc. Apart from this, well known spices like saffron and black zeera are also cultivated in some pockets of the state. There are around 7 lakh families comprising of about 33 lakh people which are directly or indirectly associated with horticulture. All these crops depend on pollination by insects for good fruit quality and production. Apples are highly dependent on bee pollination like other fruit crops. Throughout the world there is a serious deficit of pollinators worldwide and its foot prints are also seen in our valley. Low percentage of people in Kashmir understands the process of pollination and its importance. It is essential to up scale the capacity of various stakeholders concerned with crop production in Kashmir. Pesticide” is a general term used for a chemical designed to kill target pests such as insects (insecticide), mites (miticide), weeds (herbicide) and organisms which cause plant diseases such as bacteria (bactericide) and fungi (fungicide). To reduce loss due to pest attacks and diseases, the fruit growers use almost every types of pesticides namely; synthetic Pyrethroids, Endosulphan, Chloropyrephos, Carbaryl, Demicron, Quinalphos, Monocrotophos etc and fungicides namely; Dithane, Mencozeb, Carboxin, Captan etc often these are sprayed without proper care. Pesticides and fungicides have unintended fall out on the natural insect and birds population which plays an important role in pollination process.
Over the years the use of pesticides in Jammu and Kashmir is increasing tremendously. People are using these pesticides to kill the pests and increasing their production. Indiscriminate use of pesticides in modern agriculture has disturbed the ecological inter-relationship by massive killing of farmer friendly insects along with detrimental insects. The culling of the pollinizer varieties and mono culturing of only Red Delicious cultivators further adds to the pollination problem in the state.
Most pollinators are killed when pesticides are applied or allowed to drift on to flowering crops or weeds. Pollination is an essential ecosystem service which involves symbiosis between cultivar, pollinizer and the pollinator.
In a season a single farmer uses 8-9 pesticide/Fungicide sprays in their orchids and there are thousands of such farmers in J&K, so think how much pesticide sprays are used by these farmers. During cultivation and after spending lakhs of rupees, the production and quality is not so much as expected. The reason is only that proper pollination does not occur during blossom period due to the lack of pollinators.
The economic survey report of 2015-16 notes that the consumption of pesticides and fungicides has increased manifold. Horticulture and agriculture activities involve more than one million people directly or indirectly in Jammu and Kashmir. In J&K, pesticides coupled with other input technologies have resulted in enormous increase in the agricultural productivity over the years. However, indiscriminate use of these chemical pesticides has increased not only the cost of production but also many human health hazards and environmental contaminations. The state of Jammu & Kashmir tops in the intensity of pesticides application with an average level of 2.337 kg/ha, followed by Punjab (1.377kg/ha) and Haryana (1.151 kg/ha) (2013). For the year 2016 around 146.59 mt per year of pesticides were used in J&K. The excessive use of pesticides in apple orchards is causing a great threat to lives of people. Not only are human beings suffering from various ailments due to use of pesticides but the animals 9too are at risk. The fodder obtained from apple orchards has lot of pesticides in it as the chemical spray done on trees falls on the ground thus contaminating the green fodder. Even the milk produced from cows is infected with pesticides. Earlier apple growers used to spray chemical pesticides twice or thrice a year, now 12 to 13 such sprays are being done on the apple trees. Unfortunately, many agricultural pesticides may be toxic to pollinators like bees, insects, wasps etc and too for Humans. Each year many honey bee colonies and other insect population are damaged or destroyed by pesticides, primarily insecticides. Such losses have a devastating impact on the Pollination process and inturn the fruit production which automatically impacts the lives of people which are directely or indirectly involved with this sector. Growers of most insect-pollinated crops (apples, Pear, almonds and many others) experience lower yields, and ultimately the consumer must pay higher food prices. During the past two decades, there has been as substantial increase in the use of pesticides in terms both of volume and value. Most pollinators are killed when pesticides are applied or allowed to drift on to flowering crops or weeds. Pollination is an essential ecosystem service which involves symbiosis between cultivar, pollinizer and the pollinator. Effective pollination results in increased quality fruit production. Pollinators are animals that mediate the exchange of pollen between flowers, facilitating fruit and seed production in roughly 88% of flowering plants. While a broad range of animal taxa can function as pollinators, bees, wasps, and other insects are uniquely specialized for pollen transport and account for the bulk of pollination services in both wild and cultivated plants, complemented principally by other insect pollinators.
(The author worker at J&K Climate Change center. Views are his own, [email protected])
