Dr. Bilal A. Bhat & Intizar Ahmad
The 10th day of Muharram, known as ʿĀshūrāʾ, occupies a unique and honored place in Islamic history and spirituality. Muharram is the first month of the Islamic lunar calendar and marks the beginning of a new Islamic year. Unlike many cultures that celebrate the beginning of a new year with festivities and entertainment, Islam encourages believers to begin the year with reflection, worship, gratitude, and remembrance of Allah. Among the days of Muharram, the tenth day, known as ʿĀshūrāʾ, is especially significant because it is associated with major historical and spiritual events that carry profound lessons for humanity. The importance of ʿĀshūrāʾ is established through authentic narrations of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and through the Qur’anic accounts of Prophet Musa (Moses) (AS) and his people. The day serves as a reminder of Allah’s mercy, justice, and support for those who remain steadfast in faith. It also reminds Muslims of the values of patience, courage, sacrifice, and gratitude. For centuries, Muslims around the world have observed this day through fasting, prayer, remembrance of Allah, and reflection upon the lessons of Islamic history. The significance of this day extends beyond a single act of worship; it embodies an entire philosophy of faith, trust in Allah, and commitment to righteousness.
Muharram The First Month Of Islamic Year: Muharram is one of the most sacred months in Islam. Allah says in the Holy Qur’an:«“Indeed, the number of months with Allah is twelve months in the register of Allah since the day He created the heavens and the earth; of these, four are sacred.” (Surah At-Tawbah 9:36)». The four sacred months are Dhul-Qa‘dah, Dhul-Hijjah, Muharram, and Rajab. These months have been honored since the time of Prophet Ibrahim (AS). During these months, Muslims are encouraged to increase righteous deeds and avoid sinful actions.Muharram is unique because it is the only month specifically referred to in authentic hadith as “the Month of Allah.” The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:«“The best fasting after Ramadan is fasting in Allah’s month, Muharram.”(Sahih Muslim)». This hadith highlights the spiritual excellence of Muharram and encourages Muslims to engage in voluntary fasting and other acts of devotion throughout the month. The arrival of Muharram also offers Muslims an opportunity to evaluate their past actions, seek forgiveness for mistakes, and make positive resolutions for the year ahead. Thus, Muharram serves as both a spiritual beginning and a reminder of accountability before Allah.
Meaning, Importance of ʿĀshūrā: The term ʿĀshūrāʾ originates from the Arabic word “ʿAsharah,” meaning ten. It refers specifically to the tenth day of Muharram.The significance of this day is not based on cultural customs or local traditions but on authentic teachings of Islam. Through the practice of fasting and remembrance, Muslims commemorate Allah’s blessings and reflect upon important events that demonstrate His power and mercy.Throughout history, Allah has supported His prophets and their followers in times of hardship. The day of ʿĀshūrāʾ symbolizes this divine support and serves as a reminder that sincere faith is ultimately rewarded.
The Story of Prophet Musa—Moses (AS): The central event associated with ʿĀshūrāʾ is the miraculous rescue of Prophet Musa (AS) and the Children of Israel from Pharaoh. Musa was one of the greatest prophets sent by Allah. He was chosen to guide the Children of Israel and to confront Pharaoh, who was among the most arrogant rulers in history. Pharaoh oppressed his people, claimed divinity, and persecuted those who believed in Allah. Allah granted Musa many miracles, including his staff turning into a serpent and his hand shining brightly. Despite witnessing these signs, Pharaoh continued his rebellion against Allah. Eventually, Allah commanded Musa to lead the believers out of Egypt. As they traveled, Pharaoh gathered a powerful army and pursued them. When Musa and his followers reached the sea, they found themselves trapped. The sea was before them, and Pharaoh’s army was behind them. Many people became frightened and believed there was no escape. However, Musa remained firm in his faith and declared:«“Indeed, my Lord is with me; He will guide me.”(Surah Ash-Shu‘ara 26:62)». Allah then instructed Musa to strike the sea with his staff. The sea split into towering walls of water, creating dry paths through which the believers crossed safely.When Pharaoh and his army attempted to follow, Allah caused the waters to return, drowning them completely. This event remains one of the greatest miracles described in the Qur’an.The rescue of Musa teaches believers that Allah’s help can arrive in unexpected ways and that no difficulty is too great for His power.
Why Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)Fasted on ʿĀshūrā: When Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) migrated from Makkah to Madinah, he noticed that the Jewish community observed fasting on the tenth day of Muharram. Upon asking about the reason, they explained that it was the day on which Allah saved Prophet Musa and his followers from Pharaoh.The Prophet (PBUH) replied:«“We have more right to Musa than they do.”». He then fasted on that day and instructed the Muslims to fast as well. This hadith, recorded in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, demonstrates the connection between Islam and the previous prophets. Muslims believe in all prophets sent by Allah and recognize that they preached the same fundamental message: worship Allah alone and obey His commands.By fasting on ʿĀshūrāʾ, Muslims express gratitude to Allah for His blessings and remember His support for the righteous throughout history.
The Virtue, Reward of Fasting On ʿĀshūrā: Fasting is one of the most beloved acts of worship in Islam. It cultivates self-discipline, patience, humility, and awareness of Allah. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized the virtue of fasting on ʿĀshūrāʾ by saying: “Fasting on the day of ʿĀshūrāʾ, I hope from Allah, expiates the sins of the previous year” (Sahih Muslim). This hadith highlights the immense mercy of Allah. Through a single day of sincere fasting, believers can earn forgiveness for minor sins committed during the previous year. Islamic scholars explain that major sins require sincere repentance, while the reward mentioned in this hadith relates primarily to minor sins.The fasting of ʿĀshūrāʾ is voluntary but highly recommended. It is regarded as one of the most rewarding voluntary fasts in the entire year.
“The enduring lessons of ʿĀshūrāʾ—including faith, patience, courage, and sacrifice—serve as timeless inspiration for every generation. Observing this day according to the Qur’an and authentic Sunnah strengthens a believer’s connection to Allah through these profound historical events.”
Fasting The Ninth, Tenth of Muharram: The Prophet (PBUH) wished to distinguish the Muslim observance of ʿĀshūrāʾ from the practices of other communities.Near the end of his life, he said:«“If I live until next year, I will certainly fast the ninth” (Sahih Muslim). Based on this guidance, Islamic scholars recommend fasting:
1. The 9th and 10th of Muharram.
2. The 10th and 11th of Muharram.
3. Or all three days: the 9th, 10th, and 11th.
This practice fulfills the Sunnah and increases the spiritual reward of fasting.
Lessons Of Faith From ʿĀshūrā: Complete Trust in Allah – The story of Musa teaches believers to trust Allah even when circumstances seem impossible. Human beings often focus on visible obstacles, whereas faith teaches reliance upon Allah’s infinite power.
Patience During Hardship: The believers under Pharaoh endured years of oppression before receiving Allah’s help. Their experience teaches that patience is essential for success.
Gratitude For Blessings: Fasting on ʿĀshūrāʾ is an expression of gratitude. Muslims are reminded to appreciate Allah’s countless blessings and to thank Him through worship and obedience.
Courage In The Face Of Oppression: The day demonstrates that believers should stand for truth even when facing powerful opposition.
Hope, Optimism: The miracle of the sea teaches that no situation is hopeless when a person places trust in Allah. The Martyrdom of Imam Hussain(RA) – Another important event associated with the 10th of Muharram is the martyrdom of Imam Hussain ibn Ali(RA), the beloved grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Imam Hussain(RA) was the son of Ali ibn AbiTalib(RA) and Fatimah (RA), the daughter of the Prophet (PBUH). He was known for his piety, wisdom, courage, and devotion to Islam. In the year 61 AH, political tensions within the Muslim community led to a confrontation at Karbala in present-day Iraq. Imam Hussain(RA) and a small group of family members and supporters faced a much larger force. Despite overwhelming odds, ImamHussain (RA) refused to abandon his principles or compromise his commitment to justice and truth. On the 10th of Muharram, he was martyred along with many members of his family and companions. The tragedy of Karbala remains one of the most emotional events in Islamic history. Muslims remember Imam Hussain (RA) as a symbol of sacrifice, dignity, and steadfastness. His martyrdom teaches that believers must uphold justice and truth regardless of personal cost.
Moral Lessons From Karbala: The event of Karbala offers timeless lessons:
Standing For Justice: Imam Hussain demonstrated that moral principles should never be sacrificed for worldly gain.
Sacrifice For Truth : His willingness to endure hardship for the sake of righteousness inspires Muslims to remain faithful to their beliefs.
Patience, Perseverance: The courage shown by Imam Hussain(RA) and his companions remains a powerful example of perseverance under difficult circumstances.
Responsibility Towards Society: Karbala reminds Muslims that they have a responsibility to oppose injustice and promote goodness within society.
Spiritual Benefits Of Observing ʿĀshūrā: The observance of ʿĀshūrāʾ provides numerous spiritual benefits:
Forgiveness Of Sins: The day offers a valuable opportunity to seek Allah’s mercy and forgiveness.
Strengthening Faith: Reflecting on the stories of Prophet Musa (AS) and Imam Hussain (RA) strengthens belief in Allah and inspires commitment to Islamic values.
Self-Control, Discipline: Fasting develops patience and mastery over personal desires.
Increased Awareness Of Allah: The day encourages remembrance of Allah and mindfulness in daily life.
Appreciation Of Divine Blessings : Believers are reminded of Allah’s countless favors and the importance of gratitude.
Recommended Acts Of Worship On ʿĀshūrāʾ: Muslims may observe the day through: – Fasting according to the Sunnah. – Performing voluntary prayers. – Reciting and studying the Holy Qur’an. – Engaging in dhikr (remembrance of Allah). – Seeking forgiveness through sincere repentance. – Giving charity to the poor and needy. – Helping relatives, neighbors, and community members. – Reflecting on the lessons of Islamic history. These acts help believers benefit spiritually from this blessed occasion.
Relevance Of ʿĀshūrāʾ In Modern World: The lessons of ʿĀshūrāʾ remain highly relevant today. Modern societies continue to face challenges such as injustice, inequality, moral confusion, and spiritual neglect. The story of Musa reminds believers that oppression can never defeat truth permanently. The sacrifice of Imam Hussain (RA) teaches that principles and values are more important than worldly success. In a world increasingly focused on material achievements, ʿĀshūrāʾ calls Muslims back to faith, worship, gratitude, and moral responsibility. It encourages believers to strengthen their relationship with Allah and contribute positively to society. The day also fosters unity by reminding Muslims of their shared heritage and common commitment to justice, compassion, and righteousness.
Conclusion: In conclusion, The 10th of Muharram, known as ʿĀshūrāʾ, is one of the most significant days in Islam. Its importance is firmly established through the Qur’an and authentic hadith. The day commemorates Allah’s miraculous rescue of Prophet Musa (AS) and his followers from Pharaoh, demonstrating the victory of faith over oppression and the power of trust in Allah. The day is also remembered for the noble sacrifice of Imam Hussain (RA) at Karbala, whose courage and commitment to justice continue to inspire Muslims across the world. Through fasting, prayer, charity, repentance, and reflection, Muslims honor this blessed day and seek Allah’s mercy and forgiveness. The lessons of ʿĀshūrāʾ—faith, patience, gratitude, courage, sacrifice, and steadfastness—are timeless values that remain relevant for every generation. By understanding and observing this day according to the teachings of the Qur’an and the authentic Sunnah, believers strengthen their connection with Allah and draw inspiration from some of the most profound events in Islamic history
(The authors write regularly on Islamic Topics exclusively for the opinion pages of “Kashmir Horizon”. The views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this article are those of the authors and aren’t necessarily in accord with the views of “Kashmir Horizon”)
