Mohammad Irfan

The sacrifices of police personnel, the changing nature of internal security threats and the responsibility of building a safer, more prosperous society emerged as central themes of Police Commemoration Day, as Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Union Home Minister Amit Shah and Defence Minister Rajnath Singh underscored the indispensable role of police and security forces in safeguarding India’s security and development. While PM Modi paid tribute to police personnel who lost their lives in the line of duty, Shah highlighted progress against terrorism and Left-Wing Extremism, setting December 31, 2029, as the target for eliminating the drug menace. Rajnath Singh, addressing the commemoration in 2025, had emphasised the relationship between security, public confidence, technological modernisation and the national ambition of becoming a developed country by 2047. Together, these messages present a broader understanding of policing: national security is not merely about preventing violence or confronting hostile elements; it also involves protecting citizens, strengthening institutions, ensuring justice and creating conditions in which communities can pursue education, livelihoods and development without fear. The occasion also provided an opportunity to reflect on the human cost of maintaining internal security and the responsibility of the state towards families whose loved ones made the supreme sacrifice.

A National Tribute To Extraordinary Service: In his message, Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed gratitude to police personnel for their commitment under challenging circumstances, recognising their contribution to maintaining law and order, combating crime, responding to emergencies and protecting citizens. He paid solemn tribute to those who laid down their lives while performing their duties, stating that their courage, dedication and sacrifice would remain etched in the nation’s memory. The Prime Minister’s message reflected the wide scope of police responsibilities in a country as large and diverse as India. Police personnel are required to manage public gatherings, investigate offences, respond to disasters, protect vulnerable citizens and maintain order during situations that can change rapidly. Their contribution often becomes visible during major security incidents or emergencies, but much of their work takes place away from public attention. Routine patrols, investigations, crime prevention and assistance to citizens collectively sustain the sense of security necessary for everyday life. The significance of Police Commemoration Day therefore extends beyond remembering those who died in service. It recognises the institutional contribution of police personnel whose work enables communities, businesses, educational institutions and public services to function. The day also highlights the need to strengthen the working conditions, professional capabilities and welfare systems of those entrusted with these responsibilities.

Remembering The Origins Of Police Commemoration Day : Police Commemoration Day is observed annually on October 21 in memory of ten Central Reserve Police Force personnel who laid down their lives in 1959 while confronting an attack by heavily armed Chinese troops at Hot Springs in Ladakh. The incident became a defining moment in the history of police sacrifice and established the foundation for the annual observance.The National Police Memorial in New Delhi, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2018, serves as a national symbol of recognition for police personnel who have died in the line of duty. It provides a place where citizens can remember those whose service helped protect the country’s security and integrity. Addressing the commemoration in 2026, Shah said that 36,852 police personnel had made the supreme sacrifice since Independence, including 154 personnel during the year. Their names represent individual lives, families and communities permanently affected by the consequences of duty. The figures also underline the scale of responsibility carried by police organisations across the country, including state police forces, central armed police forces and specialised units deployed in difficult security environments. Home Minister Amit Shah said the nation remained indebted to the fallen personnel and their families, acknowledging that the loss of a loved one could never be adequately compensated. Such recognition carries an important public responsibility. Honouring the fallen must involve not only preserving their memory but also ensuring that their families receive timely assistance, financial security and access to essential services.

Security Gains Create Opportunities For Development: Shah described 2026 as a significant year for India’s internal security, pointing to the government’s announcement that Left-Wing Extremism had been eliminated by March 31, following decades of violence. He recalled that Naxal-related violence between 1981 and March 2026 had claimed more than 3,600 security personnel and approximately 13,700 civilians. The figures illustrate the human consequences of prolonged internal conflict and the importance of restoring stability in affected regions. Home Minister Shah credited the Chhattisgarh Police, Central Armed Police Forces, Central Reserve Police Force and its specialisedCoBRA battalion for their contribution to the campaign against Left-Wing Extremism. He also highlighted improvements in the internal security situation in Jammu and Kashmir and the Northeast, arguing that areas previously associated with prolonged conflict were increasingly positioned to pursue development. The broader significance of such changes lies in the opportunities that security improvements can create. Schools and colleges can operate more consistently, infrastructure projects can advance, businesses can invest and local communities can pursue economic activities with greater confidence. In areas affected by violence, the restoration of normalcy can also improve access to healthcare, administration and welfare programmes. However, the transition from security gains to sustained development requires continued attention to employment, education, connectivity, public services and the concerns of local communities. Security operations can reduce the immediate threat of violence, but lasting stability depends on institutions that remain accessible, responsive and capable of delivering tangible benefits. The challenge is to ensure that peace becomes a foundation for opportunity rather than simply a period of reduced conflict.

The Drug Menace| A National Priority: Home Minister Amit Shah announced a coordinated nationwide campaign against narcotics, setting December 31, 2029, as the target for making India free from the drug menace. He called upon police forces to dedicate the remaining months of 2026 and the following years to a determined campaign, describing narcotics as a threat to future generations, the economy and national security.He also warned that proceeds from drug-related activities could provide financial support to organisations engaged in anti-national activities.The announcement places drug trafficking within a wider framework of public health, organised crime and national security. For law enforcement agencies, the challenge involves identifying trafficking networks, tracing illicit financial transactions, improving coordination across jurisdictions and bringing those responsible to justice. Effective action requires cooperation among police forces, intelligence agencies, border authorities and other relevant institutions.Yet a successful anti-drug strategy cannot depend on enforcement alone. Substance dependence can affect individuals, families and communities, creating consequences for education, employment, physical well-being and social relationships. Prevention, early intervention, treatment and rehabilitation must therefore complement action against traffickers. Schools, colleges, healthcare institutions, community organisations and families can contribute through awareness programmes and support systems that encourage people to seek help. Young people, in particular, need access to credible information, counselling, recreational opportunities and meaningful educational and employment pathways.The 2029 target offers a clear national objective, but its effectiveness will ultimately depend on implementation, coordination and measurable improvements in both enforcement and prevention.The central test will be whether the campaign weakens organised trafficking networks while reducing the harm associated with substance abuse.

From Public Order To Public Trust : Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, addressing Police Commemoration Day in 2025, described police and military institutions as pillars of national security, emphasising that their responsibilities differ but contribute to the common objective of protecting the nation. He noted that the armed forces safeguard the country’s geographical integrity, while the police protect society and its internal security. Singh also highlighted the changing nature of crime, observing that organised criminal activity, terrorism and ideological conflicts could undermine social trust and institutional stability. His remarks placed public confidence at the centre of effective policing. A police force may possess operational strength and advanced equipment, but its long-term effectiveness also depends on the confidence citizens place in its fairness, professionalism and responsiveness. For ordinary citizens, policing is experienced through everyday interactions: the registration of complaints, the conduct of investigations, assistance during emergencies and the treatment of victims. When complaints are addressed promptly and investigations are conducted impartially, public confidence grows. When vulnerable citizens receive protection and legal procedures are followed consistently, the credibility of institutions improves. Citizen cooperation also becomes more effective when people believe that the law protects them fairly. This relationship is particularly important in a diverse society, where public order must be maintained alongside constitutional rights, individual dignity and the peaceful expression of differences.The wider objective is to build policing systems that are firm against crime, professional in their methods and accessible to the communities they serve.

“Digital systems can also support record management, complaint tracking and coordination between agencies, potentially reducing delays and improving administrative transparency….…..”

Modernisation For Emerging Security Challenges:  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh highlighted improvements in police capabilities, including modern weapons, surveillance systems, drones, forensic laboratories and digital policing. He also stressed the need for coordination among security agencies and the effective utilisation of resources provided for police modernisation. These developments reflect the changing character of law enforcement. Criminal networks increasingly exploit digital platforms, financial systems and communication technologies, while investigations may require sophisticated forensic analysis and cooperation across geographical boundaries. Technology can improve the speed and accuracy of investigations, strengthen intelligence analysis and help police respond more efficiently to emergencies. Digital systems can also support record management, complaint tracking and coordination between agencies, potentially reducing delays and improving administrative transparency. However, modernisation requires more than purchasing equipment. Personnel must receive appropriate training, investigative procedures must be updated and institutions must develop the capacity to use technology responsibly. Data protection, lawful surveillance, evidence integrity and accountability are equally important. Technological tools should strengthen the rule of law rather than replace professional judgment or established legal safeguards. The effective integration of technology with skilled personnel can help police organisations respond to emerging threats while maintaining public confidence. For India’s development ambitions, a modern and capable police system is an important institutional asset, supporting economic activity, public safety and the reliable functioning of democratic processes.

Police Welfare Is Part Of National Security: The three leaders’ messages also draw attention to the people behind the uniform.Police personnel and central armed police forces often work long hours, serve away from their families and remain on duty during elections, festivals, protests, disasters and security operations. Home Minister Amit Shah specifically acknowledged the contribution of central forces deployed along borders and within the country, noting their role in maintaining security and enabling democratic processes. The sacrifices made by personnel also impose a lasting responsibility on the state towards their families.Financial assistance, timely settlement of benefits, educational support for children, healthcare access and counselling services can help families navigate the consequences of losing a loved one. Support should be accessible through clear procedures, with administrative delays minimised and families informed about their entitlements. The welfare of serving personnel is equally important. Adequate rest, training, equipment, housing, healthcare and opportunities for professional development contribute to morale and operational effectiveness. These measures are not separate from national security. Personnel who are properly equipped, professionally supported and confident in their institutions are better positioned to discharge demanding responsibilities. A culture of institutional care also strengthens recruitment, retention and public respect for police service. Commemoration becomes meaningful when the state’s gratitude is reflected in practical support for those who serve and those who bear the consequences of their sacrifice.

Partnership Between Police And Society: Singh emphasised that police and society are interdependent, arguing that effective policing requires citizens to cooperate with law enforcement and respect the law. This principle recognises that security cannot be sustained by institutions acting in isolation. Citizens can contribute by reporting offences, sharing credible information, resisting misinformation and participating in community initiatives aimed at preventing crime. Community engagement can help identify local concerns early, improve communication and strengthen cooperation between residents and law enforcement agencies.At the same time, police organisations must maintain impartiality, explain their actions where appropriate and provide accessible mechanisms for addressing grievances.Public trust grows when cooperation is based on mutual respect rather than fear or compulsion. Such partnerships can be particularly valuable in preventing drug abuse, protecting children, supporting victims of crime and resolving local disputes before they escalate. They also strengthen social resilience against attempts to spread hostility or disrupt communal harmony. The objective is not to transfer the responsibilities of law enforcement to citizens, but to build a relationship in which professional policing and responsible public participation reinforce each other.

The Road Towards Viksit Bharat: India’s ambition of becoming a developed nation by 2047 requires progress across economic, technological and social sectors. It also requires institutions capable of protecting citizens, enforcing the law and maintaining an environment conducive to development.The messages delivered on Police Commemoration Day connect these national ambitions with the everyday responsibilities of police personnel. Security creates the conditions in which infrastructure can expand, businesses can operate, educational institutions can function and communities can pursue opportunities. Public confidence, in turn, strengthens the legitimacy and effectiveness of institutions responsible for maintaining that security. The elimination of longstanding security threats, the prevention of narcotics-related harm and the modernisation of law enforcement can contribute to this broader objective.

Kashmir Horizon View: Police Commemoration Day honours those who gave their lives in service of the nation, while reminding society that security is sustained through courage, professionalism and collective responsibility. Prime Minister Modi’s tribute recognised the invaluable contribution of police personnel. Shah highlighted the continuing fight against internal security threats and set a national target against the drug menace. Singh’s earlier address emphasised modernisation, public trust and the relationship between security and development. Sinha’s message brought these themes into the specific context of Jammu and Kashmir, with its continuing priorities of peace, counterterrorism, public safety and support for martyrs’ families. Together, these messages point towards a broader national objective: building institutions that can confront threats effectively while protecting citizens’ rights, strengthening social confidence and enabling development.

(“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)

Mohammad Irfan

The Jammu and Kashmir Police’s long and difficult battle against terrorism, the sacrifices made by its personnel and the continuing challenge of safeguarding peace formed the centrepiece of Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha’s message on Police Commemoration Day on Wednesday, as he paid tribute to police personnel who laid down their lives in the line of duty. Remembering the courage, dedication and patriotism of the fallen personnel, Sinha described their sacrifice as an enduring source of inspiration for Jammu and Kashmir and the country. His message, however, extended beyond ceremonial remembrance, outlining a broader security and governance agenda that places the elimination of terrorism alongside public safety, the welfare of martyrs’ families, protection of vulnerable communities and the creation of conditions necessary for sustained development. The Lieutenant Governor’s address underscored a central proposition: peace in Jammu and Kashmir cannot be measured merely by the absence of violence. It must also be reflected in the safety of ordinary citizens, the protection of their rights, the availability of justice, the prevention of drug abuse and trafficking, and the ability of institutions to function without intimidation. At the same time, his firm warning to those supporting terrorism highlighted the administration’s stated determination to pursue terrorist networks and their support structures through law enforcement. “ Our goal is to identify and root out terrorism and every element associated with it in Jammu Kashmir,” Sinha said, calling upon people to strengthen their resolve against separatist and terrorist elements.

A Legacy Of Sacrifice: Police Commemoration Day is an occasion to remember personnel who have died while performing their duties. In Jammu and Kashmir, the observance carries particular significance because of the prolonged security challenges faced by the police and other security forces. The Jammu and Kashmir Police has operated in circumstances in which routine policing, counterterrorism operations, public order management and emergency response have often overlapped. Its personnel have been required to perform duties ranging from investigating ordinary crimes and maintaining public order to responding to terrorist violence and assisting civilians during natural disasters and other emergencies. Lt Governor Sinha acknowledged this wide-ranging responsibility, describing the force’s history as one marked by courage, discipline and an unwavering commitment to duty. “Thousands of personnel of the Jammu Kashmir Police force have laid down their lives in the fight against terrorism,” he said, adding that their contribution would remain an inspiration for the country. The significance of the tribute lies in recognising that the cost of counterterrorism is not borne exclusively by personnel deployed on the ground. It extends to their families, who must cope with the loss of loved ones and the permanent changes that follow.

Security Remains Central To The Peace Agenda: Lt Governor Sinha’s address placed the elimination of terrorism and its support networks at the centre of the security agenda. He called for a sustained effort to identify and dismantle the elements associated with terrorism and warned those providing support to terrorist activities that they would face action under the law. “I warn those elements within Jammu Kashmir who support terrorism that your days are over. Even if you attempt to hide in Pataal, we will find you and ensure that you are punished under the law,” he said. The statement reflects the administration’s emphasis on pursuing not only those directly involved in terrorist violence but also the networks that facilitate, finance or otherwise support such activities. From a governance perspective, the distinction is important. Terrorist violence can have consequences far beyond the immediate victims, disrupting economic activity, restricting movement, weakening public confidence and undermining the functioning of institutions. Its support structures can also complicate efforts to establish lasting stability. However, a durable security framework requires more than operational success. Intelligence-led policing, effective investigation, coordination among security agencies and timely prosecution are essential components of a sustainable response. Equally important is adherence to the law and due process. Effective counterterrorism depends on the ability of institutions to distinguish between criminal conduct and lawful activity, establish responsibility through evidence and ensure accountability through the justice system. Lt Governor Sinha’s emphasis on punishment under the law provides the legal framework within which the administration’s stated resolve must operate. The broader objective is to create an environment in which terrorism loses its capacity to intimidate citizens, disrupt daily life or undermine confidence in public institutions.

Police, Army And CAPFs Share The Responsibility: The Lieutenant Governor recognised the contributions of the Jammu and Kashmir Police, the Indian Army and the Central Armed Police Forces, describing their role in protecting the country’s security and integrity as particularly important during a period of national transformation. He noted that India was moving towards its ambition of becoming a developed nation and argued that peace, stability and progress in Jammu and Kashmir were essential to that journey. “In this journey, peace, stability, and progress in Jammu Kashmir are of special importance, and the major responsibility of ensuring them rests on the shoulders of the Police, army and CAPFs,” he said. The observation connects security with development. A stable environment allows educational institutions to operate, businesses to expand, tourists to travel, public services to reach communities and young people to pursue opportunities without the disruption caused by violence. For Jammu and Kashmir, where livelihoods in sectors such as tourism, horticulture, handicrafts and services depend substantially on public confidence and uninterrupted economic activity, stability has implications extending well beyond the security establishment. Yet the relationship between security and development works in both directions. While peace creates opportunities for investment and employment, inclusive economic growth, access to education and confidence in public institutions can also strengthen social resilience against violence and radicalisation. The challenge, therefore, is to ensure that security measures and development initiatives reinforce each other. The police have a particularly important role in this process because they are among the public institutions with which citizens interact most frequently. Their conduct during investigations, traffic management, public gatherings, emergencies and routine complaints can influence how people perceive the administration as a whole.

From Counterterrorism To Citizen-Centric Policing : One of the significant aspects of LG Sinha’s message was his emphasis on the police uniform as a symbol of service and responsibility rather than authority alone. He said the true measure of policing lay in ensuring public safety, delivering justice and standing by society during times of need and crisis. This formulation broadens the understanding of police performance. While counterterrorism operations and the prevention of violent incidents remain critical, everyday policing is equally important to public confidence. For a citizen approaching a police station, the effectiveness of the system may be judged by whether a complaint is registered promptly, an investigation is conducted fairly, a victim receives assistance and a grievance is addressed without unnecessary delay. Similarly, vulnerable citizens may assess the credibility of the institution through the protection available to them when they face threats, abuse, exploitation or intimidation.

“Lieutenant Governor’s message placed farmers at the centre of this process, calling on engineers and innovators to develop tools that are practical, affordable and durable.….”

Protection Of Women, Children And Vulnerable Groups: Lt Governor Sinha also called for stronger measures to prevent crimes against women and children, protect vulnerable sections of society and ensure timely justice for victims. He emphasised the need for continuous review of systems designed to monitor and control such crimes, suggesting that existing arrangements must be assessed for their effectiveness and improved wherever necessary. The issue is significant because the experience of safety extends beyond counterterrorism. Women, children and vulnerable individuals require reliable mechanisms to report offences, receive immediate protection and access justice without facing intimidation or repeated hardship. The Lieutenant Governor’s call to review monitoring and control mechanisms is therefore relevant to the larger question of how policing can become more responsive to the everyday concerns of citizens. A secure society is one in which people are protected not only from organised violence but also from crimes and exploitation within their communities and homes.

The Challenge Of Drugs And Narco-Terrorism: The fight against drug trafficking and narco-terrorism was another major priority highlighted in the address.Sinha called for a collective commitment to a drug-free Jammu and Kashmir and stressed the need to confront the networks associated with narcotics and terrorism. The issue has two interconnected dimensions. Drug trafficking is a criminal activity that can generate illicit profits and expose communities, particularly young people, to serious social and health-related harms. Narco-terrorism, meanwhile, raises security concerns where proceeds from narcotics-related activities are used to finance or facilitate terrorist networks. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated enforcement, intelligence sharing, effective financial investigations and action against organised trafficking networks. However, a comprehensive response must also recognise the public-health dimension of substance dependence. Individuals struggling with addiction may require treatment, rehabilitation, counselling and social support alongside appropriate action against those involved in trafficking and exploitation. Prevention is equally important. Awareness programmes, accessible treatment services, community participation and support for families can help reduce the social damage associated with substance abuse. Young people need credible opportunities in education, employment, sports and other constructive activities. Such opportunities cannot replace law enforcement, but they can contribute to stronger communities and reduce vulnerabilities that criminal networks may exploit. The objective of a drug-free Jammu and Kashmir therefore requires a combination of firm action against traffickers, disruption of illicit financial networks, prevention of substance abuse and sustained rehabilitation efforts.

Martyrs’ Families And The Responsibility Of The State: The Lieutenant Governor’s assurance to the families of police martyrs was among the most significant humanitarian elements of his message. Public recognition of sacrifice has symbolic value, but the welfare of families demands practical and sustained measures. The loss of an earning member can affect household finances, children’s education, healthcare access and long-term security. For this reason, welfare programmes must be designed and implemented with attention to the different needs of affected families. Timely payment of benefits, clear communication regarding entitlements, assistance with documentation and dedicated grievance-redressal mechanisms can make a meaningful difference.

Peace As A Collective Responsibility: Lt Governor Sinha called upon citizens to uphold unity, communal harmony and mutual trust while remaining vigilant against forces seeking to disturb peace and stability. The appeal is significant in a socially diverse region where public confidence depends on the ability of communities to coexist peacefully and resolve differences through lawful and democratic means. Security agencies can respond to threats, but lasting peace also depends on the conduct of citizens, community institutions and public representatives. Rumours, misinformation, communal hostility and attempts to provoke violence can damage social relations and create conditions in which insecurity spreads beyond its immediate source. Community participation, responsible communication, awareness of legal obligations and cooperation with lawful investigations can contribute to a more resilient society.

Kashmir Horizon View: Police Commemoration Day provides an opportunity to honour those who made the supreme sacrifice, but it also invites reflection on the responsibilities that follow their sacrifice. The administration’s stated priorities—eliminating terrorism, supporting martyrs’ families, protecting women and children, combating drug trafficking and strengthening public safety—require sustained implementation and measurable outcomes. Progress can be assessed through the effectiveness of investigations, the quality of victim support, the timely delivery of welfare benefits, improvements in access to justice and the ability of communities to participate in public life without fear. The strength of a policing institution is ultimately reflected in its ability to protect citizens while upholding the law. Operational capability, professional integrity, public accountability and sensitivity towards vulnerable people are complementary rather than competing objectives. For Jammu and Kashmir, the stakes are especially high. Lasting peace would create greater space for education, entrepreneurship, tourism, investment and the aspirations of a younger generation seeking stability and opportunity. The sacrifices of police personnel and other security forces have been central to the region’s security experience. Honouring those sacrifices requires continued vigilance against terrorism, but it also calls for institutions that deliver justice, support affected families and protect the dignity and safety of ordinary citizens. As Lt Governor Sinha paid tribute to the fallen personnel, he described their courage as a source of inspiration for strengthening peace, unity and security. The enduring significance of Police Commemoration Day lies in translating that inspiration into institutional responsibility: ensuring that those who serve are supported, those who suffer receive justice, those who are vulnerable are protected and citizens can pursue their lives without fear. For Jammu and Kashmir, that remains the broader promise of peace—not simply the absence of violence, but the presence of security, trust, justice and opportunities for all.

(“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)

Mohammad Irfan

Jammu and Kashmir has witnessed significant changes in its development priorities and administrative functioning since 2019, with infrastructure expansion, digital governance, tourism promotion and investment attraction emerging as key pillars of its growth strategy. Under Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha, who assumed office in August 2020, the administration has focused on improving public service delivery, accelerating development projects, strengthening institutional mechanisms and expanding economic opportunities. The transformation reflects a combination of central government investment, administrative initiatives, improved connectivity and sustained efforts to promote Jammu and Kashmir as a destination for tourism, entrepreneurship and industrial activity. From railway connectivity through the Himalayas to the digitisation of public services, the changes are creating new possibilities for residents, businesses and visitors. The emerging development model rests on six interconnected pillars: security and stability, digital governance, infrastructure, industrial investment, tourism and grassroots development. Together, these initiatives offer a framework for strengthening the region’s economic potential and improving the delivery of public services.

Security, Stability Create Space For Development: A stable environment is essential for economic activity, education, tourism and public administration. Jammu and Kashmir has made progress in restoring regular commercial activity and reducing the disruptions associated with organised shutdowns that previously affected everyday life. The administration has pursued a security framework focused on counterterrorism, action against terror financing and the protection of public institutions. These measures have been accompanied by efforts to improve administrative responsiveness and maintain continuity in educational, commercial and government activities. The benefits of greater operational continuity extend across sectors. Businesses can plan their activities more effectively, educational institutions can maintain academic schedules, and tourism enterprises can invest in accommodation, transport and visitor services. A more predictable operating environment also helps create opportunities for local entrepreneurs and service providers. Sustaining these gains remains important for the region’s long-term development. Continued improvements in public safety, community engagement and institutional effectiveness can strengthen confidence among investors, visitors and residents. The development objective is to ensure that stability translates into wider opportunities, allowing people across urban and rural areas to participate in economic growth.

Digital Governance Brings Services Closer To Citizens: One of the most significant administrative initiatives has been the expansion of online public services. Jammu and Kashmir has progressively digitised government processes, making a wider range of certificates, registrations, revenue services and other administrative facilities accessible through digital platforms. The administration has reported an expansion from a relatively limited online service portfolio before the 2019 reorganisation to more than 1,100 services in the subsequent period. This expansion represents an important step towards a more accessible and technology-enabled system of governance. Online services can reduce the need for repeated visits to government offices, save travel expenses and simplify routine procedures. For residents in remote areas, where accessing administrative offices can involve considerable time and cost, digital delivery can be particularly beneficial. The Public Services Guarantee Act and related time-bound service delivery mechanisms provide an additional framework for improving accountability. Escalation arrangements for delayed applications can encourage departments to process requests within prescribed timelines. Digitisation of land records and the introduction of land passbooks have also improved access to property-related information. These initiatives can help citizens verify records, understand ownership details and reduce uncertainty in land transactions. Financial management systems such as the Budget Estimation, Allocation and Monitoring System (BEAMS), along with technology-based monitoring of public works, have strengthened the administration’s capacity to track expenditure and project implementation. The next phase of digital governance can build on these foundations through wider citizen assistance, improved digital literacy and transparent performance reporting. By combining online access with effective support at the local level, Jammu and Kashmir can continue moving towards a more efficient and citizen-friendly administration.

Infrastructure Connects Jammu And Kashmir With New Opportunities: Infrastructure development has emerged as one of the most visible components of the region’s transformation. Railway projects, tunnels, bridges, highway improvements and power investments are helping address geographical challenges and creating new possibilities for trade, mobility and tourism. The completion and dedication of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link in June 2025 marked a historic milestone in the region’s connectivity. The approximately 272-kilometre railway project, built at a reported cost of around ₹43,780 crore, includes major engineering achievements such as the Chenab Rail Bridge, the world’s highest railway arch bridge, and the Anji Khad cable-stayed railway bridge. The railway connection has the potential to transform passenger travel and create new opportunities for freight movement. Better rail connectivity can support the movement of agricultural produce, handicrafts, industrial goods and consumer products while expanding travel options for residents and tourists. For the horticulture sector, improved transport infrastructure could complement existing road networks and strengthen market access. As freight facilities and logistics services develop, growers and traders may gain additional options for transporting produce to markets outside the Valley. Road projects are equally important. The Jammu-Srinagar National Highway remains a critical economic lifeline, while the Z-Morh and Zojila tunnel projects are designed to improve connectivity through challenging Himalayan terrain. These projects can support more reliable transportation, improve access to remote areas and strengthen the movement of essential goods. Power generation is another important component of the development strategy. Hydropower projects, including Ratle, Kiru and Kwar, are expected to strengthen electricity generation capacity over time. Better power availability can support households, businesses, tourism establishments and industrial units. Investment in healthcare and educational infrastructure complements these initiatives. New medical institutions, upgraded facilities and expanded public programmes can improve access to essential services, particularly when supported by adequate staffing, equipment and resources. Together, these projects are creating the physical foundations for a more connected and economically integrated Jammu and Kashmir.

“Sustainable tourism planning will be important in preserving the natural environment that makes Jammu and Kashmir distinctive. Responsible waste management, water conservation, improved public facilities and community participation can help ensure that tourism growth remains beneficial over the long term…”

Industrial Investment And Entrepreneurship Expand The Economic Horizon:  The Government has worked to attract industrial investment and diversify the regional economy through incentives, policy reforms and entrepreneurship programmes. The New Central Sector Scheme for Industrial Development, introduced in 2021 with an outlay of ₹28,400 crore, was designed to encourage fresh investment and industrial expansion. Its incentives seek to improve the attractiveness of Jammu and Kashmir for manufacturing and other productive activities. The scale of investment interest reflects the region’s potential in sectors such as food processing, information technology, tourism services, handicrafts, renewable energy and horticulture-related industries. For Jammu and Kashmir, industrial development offers an opportunity to complement traditional livelihoods with new sources of employment. Food-processing facilities, modern cold storage, packaging units and value-addition enterprises can strengthen the horticulture economy by helping producers reach markets with higher-value products. The handicraft and handloom sectors can benefit from digital marketplaces, branding initiatives and improved access to national and international consumers. Similarly, technology-based enterprises can use the region’s educated workforce to develop services in software, digital marketing, education technology and other emerging fields. Entrepreneurship initiatives are also creating avenues for young people to explore self-employment and innovative business models. Start-ups can help address local needs while generating employment and expanding the private sector. Mission YUVA and other enterprise-support initiatives provide a framework for promoting entrepreneurship, skills and access to financial assistance. Their potential impact lies in connecting training and funding with viable business opportunities and sustained market demand. The emphasis on Global Capability Centres and technology-led services could further broaden the economic base if accompanied by reliable connectivity, skilled talent, business infrastructure and long-term investment. The next opportunity is to deepen the connection between investment and local economic participation. Stronger industrial linkages with farmers, artisans, small businesses and educational institutions can ensure that economic expansion benefits a wider section of society.

Tourism Growth Strengthens Local Livelihoods: Tourism remains one of Jammu and Kashmir’s most important economic sectors, supporting hotels, guesthouses, transport operators, guides, restaurants, artisans and small businesses. Official data released by the Union Ministry of Tourism recorded approximately 2.07 crore domestic tourist visits to Jammu and Kashmir in 2023 and 2.35 crore in 2024. The figures underline the scale of domestic travel and the importance of tourism to the regional economy. The expansion of tourism has been supported by promotional campaigns, improved connectivity, the development of new destinations and efforts to diversify visitor experiences beyond established centres. Gulmarg, Pahalgam and Srinagar continue to attract visitors through their natural landscapes, cultural heritage and recreational opportunities. At the same time, destinations such as Gurez, Keran, Lolab and Teetwal offer scope for rural and border tourism, creating possibilities for local communities to participate directly in the visitor economy. Rural tourism can generate supplementary income for households through homestays, local transport, food services, handicrafts and guided experiences. It can also encourage the preservation of traditional architecture, cuisine and cultural practices. The film sector offers another avenue for economic activity. A supportive film policy and streamlined permission processes can help attract production houses while generating work for local technicians, hospitality providers, transport operators and artists. Pilgrimage tourism, including visits to the Shri Amarnathji shrine and Mata Vaishno Devi, also contributes to the region’s service economy. Improvements in transport, accommodation and visitor facilities can strengthen the experience of pilgrims while creating additional business opportunities. Sustainable tourism planning will be important in preserving the natural environment that makes Jammu and Kashmir distinctive. Responsible waste management, water conservation, improved public facilities and community participation can help ensure that tourism growth remains beneficial over the long term. The broader opportunity is to develop a tourism economy that combines higher visitor satisfaction with better local incomes, more employment and wider participation by small enterprises.

Grassroots Development And Youth Participation: Local institutions, entrepreneurship programmes and social welfare initiatives form another important part of Jammu and Kashmir’s development framework. Panchayati Raj institutions, block-level bodies and District Development Councils provide platforms for addressing local development needs. Their role in identifying priorities such as roads, drinking water, drainage, sanitation and public facilities can help ensure that development programmes respond to community requirements. Effective coordination among local institutions and administrative departments can improve the identification and implementation of projects. Greater transparency in fund allocation and project monitoring can further strengthen public confidence. Youth development is equally significant. With a large number of educated young people, Jammu and Kashmir has considerable potential to expand entrepreneurship, technology services, sports, tourism and creative industries. Skill-development initiatives can help connect young people with emerging employment opportunities, while business-support programmes can encourage them to establish enterprises in their own districts. The long-term value of these initiatives will be reflected in sustainable jobs, viable businesses and improved household incomes. Transparent recruitment procedures also remain important for young people aspiring to enter public service. Clear examination schedules, timely results and accessible grievance mechanisms can strengthen confidence in recruitment institutions. Healthcare initiatives, including Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY SEHAT, seek to improve financial access to medical treatment. Their effectiveness is reinforced by accessible hospitals, adequate medical staff and public awareness of available benefits. Similarly, support for education, sports and community infrastructure can help strengthen social development alongside economic growth. The central priority is to connect these programmes with measurable improvements in the everyday lives of residents, ensuring that development reaches both major towns and smaller communities.

Kashmir Horizon View: Jammu and Kashmir’s development journey under LG Manoj Sinha reflects an emphasis on administrative modernisation, physical connectivity, investment promotion and tourism expansion. Major railway milestones, a growing digital service network and initiatives to support entrepreneurship have contributed to a changing development landscape. These developments have also created opportunities to strengthen traditional sectors, including horticulture, handicrafts, handloom and small-scale tourism enterprises. Better infrastructure and digital access can help these industries reach wider markets and improve their competitiveness. The next phase can focus on converting infrastructure into productive economic activity, investment interest into operational enterprises, and online services into faster and more accessible public delivery. Expanding local employment, strengthening rural businesses and encouraging innovation can help distribute the gains of development more widely. Environmental sustainability will remain essential, particularly in a Himalayan region where tourism, agriculture, water resources and biodiversity are closely connected. Planning that combines economic expansion with conservation can protect the natural assets on which many livelihoods depend. Coordination between the Lieutenant Governor’s administration, the elected government, local institutions and civil society can further strengthen development planning. Transparent monitoring and public participation can help ensure that projects remain responsive to local needs. The progress achieved so far provides a foundation on which Jammu and Kashmir can continue building. Its geographical advantages, educated population, agricultural wealth, cultural heritage and tourism potential offer substantial opportunities for future growth. Ultimately, the success of the region’s development strategy will be measured by the opportunities it creates for residents: better connectivity for farmers, accessible services for citizens, new avenues for entrepreneurs, quality healthcare for families and meaningful employment for young people. With sustained investment, effective implementation and inclusive planning, Jammu and Kashmir can continue strengthening its position as a more connected, economically vibrant and opportunity-rich region.

(“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)

Mohammad Irfan

The Ladakh’s development priorities are increasingly being shaped by a combination of infrastructure expansion, environmental considerations, improved access to essential services and efforts to create new economic opportunities for its people. The inauguration of five development projects worth approximately ₹3,350 crore by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Wednesday brings these priorities into focus, with investments spanning air connectivity, roads, hydropower, water management and cultural heritage conservation. Inaugurated through video conferencing, the projects represent different dimensions of development in a region where geography, extreme weather and long distances have historically influenced economic activity and access to services. Their importance extends beyond the infrastructure created: they also raise questions about how improved connectivity, more reliable electricity and better water management can strengthen livelihoods, support tourism and expand opportunities for younger generations. The five projects include the expanded terminal at Kushok Bakula Rinpoche Airport in Leh, the Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road, the Hanu hydroelectric project and its associated transmission network, 40 reservoirs developed under Project Amrit Him Sarovar, and a Petroglyph Conservation Park in Leh. Addressing the inauguration, Modi said the projects would make travel easier, strengthen electricity infrastructure, improve water availability and contribute to the preservation of Ladakh’s ancient heritage. He also highlighted the need to provide young people with quality education, modern skills and improved sporting facilities within the region. The broader development approach reflected in these initiatives is significant for Ladakh, where economic growth must be considered alongside ecological sensitivity, cultural identity and the practical challenges of living in a high-altitude landscape.

Connectivity| Opening New Possibilities For Ladakh: Connectivity remains one of the most consequential factors shaping Ladakh’s economic prospects. The region’s mountainous terrain, long winters and dependence on a limited number of transport corridors affect the movement of people, goods and essential supplies. Improvements in road and air infrastructure can therefore influence tourism, trade, healthcare access and the delivery of public services. The expanded terminal at Kushok Bakula  Rinpoche Airport in Leh, developed at a reported cost of ₹650 crore, is designed to increase passenger-handling capacity from 10 lakh to 35 lakh annually. According to the Prime Minister, the facility triples the airport’s capacity and incorporates geothermal heating alongside solar energy to address the region’s climatic conditions. The expansion could help accommodate growing demand for air travel, particularly during peak tourist seasons. Greater passenger-handling capacity can improve the ability of the region to manage visitor arrivals while making travel more convenient for residents, business travellers and people seeking medical or educational services outside Ladakh. For tourism operators, hotels, homestays, taxi services, guides and local businesses, better air connectivity can provide access to a wider customer base. It may also make Ladakh more accessible for conferences, adventure tourism and other activities that depend on reliable travel arrangements. However, airport capacity is only one part of the tourism equation. The benefits will depend on the availability of accommodation, local transport, waste-management systems, trained workers and facilities capable of handling increased visitor numbers without placing excessive pressure on fragile ecosystems.

Power Infrastructure And The Challenge Of Reliable Energy: The inauguration of the Hanu hydroelectric project and its associated transmission network highlights another essential requirement for regional development: dependable electricity. Reliable power supports households, schools, hospitals, commercial establishments and small enterprises. In remote settlements, improvements in electricity infrastructure can reduce dependence on less reliable arrangements and help strengthen the delivery of essential services. For students, consistent electricity can improve access to digital learning and online educational resources. Healthcare facilities require dependable power for equipment, refrigeration and other essential functions. Businesses, meanwhile, need predictable electricity supplies to operate equipment, maintain communications and provide services.

Water Security And Climate Resilience: The dedication of 40 reservoirs developed under Project Amrit Him Sarovar brings water management into the centre of Ladakh’s development agenda. Water availability is fundamental to agriculture, horticulture, livestock rearing and the daily needs of communities. In a high-altitude region with limited growing seasons and difficult climatic conditions, the ability to store and manage water can influence agricultural productivity and the resilience of rural livelihoods. Prime Minister Modi said the reservoirs would help provide irrigation water to farmers when required during cultivation cycles. Their practical value will depend on local water availability, storage capacity, distribution arrangements and maintenance. Reservoirs can help manage seasonal supplies, but their effectiveness will be determined by whether they provide dependable access to water at the time and place it is needed. Water infrastructure also has a broader connection with climate resilience. Changes in temperature, precipitation patterns and the timing of snowmelt can affect water availability in mountain environments. Planning for these uncertainties requires careful monitoring, efficient use of available resources and coordination among communities and relevant departments. For agricultural households, improved water management can support efforts to diversify crops, improve productivity and reduce vulnerability to interruptions in supply. It can also help communities manage competing requirements for household consumption, livestock and cultivation.

Tourism And Livelihoods Beyond The Peak Season: Tourism remains an important source of economic activity in Ladakh, supporting accommodation providers, transport operators, restaurants, guides, adventure-tourism businesses and artisans. The region’s landscapes, monasteries, cultural traditions and winter conditions offer opportunities for a diverse tourism economy. During his address, Modi highlighted efforts to promote winter and adventure tourism and noted that homestays in Ladakh had increased from approximately 150 to 3,000. The expansion of homestays can create a direct link between tourism and household incomes. Unlike larger hospitality establishments, community-based accommodation can allow families to earn from spare rooms, traditional food, local knowledge and cultural experiences. Such enterprises may also create demand for local transport, food supplies, handicrafts and guiding services. If managed effectively, this can help spread tourism-related income across communities rather than concentrating it among a limited number of businesses. The promotion of winter tourism could further help businesses explore opportunities outside the main summer season. Activities associated with snow, ice hockey, mountaineering and other adventure pursuits can potentially diversify the visitor economy. However, winter tourism also requires investment in safety systems, trained personnel, emergency response arrangements, suitable accommodation and reliable transport. Weather-related disruptions and the environmental sensitivity of mountain destinations must remain central to planning.

Education,  Skills: Investing In The Next Generation: One of the most significant themes in Modi’s address was the need to expand educational and professional opportunities for Ladakh’s young population. He said a major Centre of Excellence was being built in Leh and referred to proposals for satellite campuses of IIT Jammu and IIM Jammu. The stated objective is to help local students access quality higher education, research facilities and modern skills without having to depend entirely on institutions in other cities. For students from remote and high-altitude communities, access to higher education can involve substantial financial and logistical challenges. Travel, accommodation and living expenses may place additional pressure on families, particularly when specialised courses are not available locally. Expanding educational opportunities within Ladakh could help address some of these barriers. A Centre of Excellence, if supported by strong academic programmes, qualified faculty, laboratories and industry partnerships, could create a platform for developing skills relevant to the region’s future economic needs. Areas such as renewable energy, environmental science, tourism management, digital technology, agriculture, mountain studies and entrepreneurship could have particular relevance, depending on the institution’s mandate and available resources.

“Digital platforms, online complaint systems, CCTV networks, forensic technologies and data-based policing are changing the way police agencies interact with citizens and investigate offences.Young officers with familiarity with technology can play an important role in accelerating this transition….”

The Sports As An Avenue For Youth Development: Prime Minister odi also highlighted the implementation of Ladakh’s new sports policy and efforts to provide young athletes with improved training and facilities. Ladakh has a distinctive sporting environment, particularly in ice hockey, winter sports and mountaineering. Local climatic conditions and terrain provide opportunities for activities that require specialised facilities, coaching and technical preparation. A structured sports policy can help identify promising athletes, improve access to coaching and provide more consistent support for participation in national and international competitions. Sports development can also have benefits beyond competition. Training facilities, organisedprogrammes and community participation can support physical fitness, discipline and confidence among young people. There may also be links between sports and tourism. Well-managed sporting events and training programmes can generate demand for accommodation, transport and other local services. Such opportunities, however, require careful planning, safety standards and sustained investment. For young athletes, access to qualified coaches, equipment, nutrition support and medical assistance can be as important as the availability of venues. Transparent selection processes and opportunities for participants from different parts of Ladakh would help ensure that the benefits of the policy are widely shared.

Preserving Heritage While Expanding The Economy: The inauguration of India’s first Petroglyph Conservation Park in Leh adds a cultural dimension to the development programme. Ladakh’s ancient rock art, monasteries, Buddhist traditions, festivals and distinctive architectural heritage are important components of its identity. They also form part of the region’s appeal to researchers, historians and visitors interested in its cultural history. Petroglyphs offer evidence of past human activity and cultural expression. Their preservation requires specialised conservation practices, documentation and protection against damage caused by weather, human activity and unmanaged tourism. A dedicated conservation park can help improve public awareness and provide a setting in which visitors can engage with this heritage. It may also create opportunities for educational programmes, research and responsible cultural tourism. The Prime Minister said the initiative would help future generations and visitors from India and abroad become more familiar with Ladakh’s history.

Local Products And The Search For Better Markets: The Prime Minister also highlighted the commercial potential of Ladakh’s sea-buckthorn, handicrafts, GI-tagged apricots, high-altitude floriculture and Pashmina produced by the Changpa community. These products offer opportunities to connect traditional livelihoods with wider markets. However, producers often require more than access to raw materials or a distinctive product. Branding, quality standards, packaging, processing, transport and reliable market linkages can influence the income they receive. Sea-buckthorn, for example, has potential for value-added products, while apricots can support processing and differentiated marketing. Handicrafts and Pashmina can reach specialised domestic and international consumers if their provenance, quality and craftsmanship are communicated effectively. Digital commerce may also help small producers connect with buyers beyond local markets. Yet online platforms need to be supported by dependable logistics, transparent pricing, product standards and systems that allow producers to receive a fair share of the final value. The emphasis on improving branding and market access is therefore relevant to rural livelihoods. The objective should be to strengthen the position of farmers, artisans and pastoral communities within supply chains.

Development Must Be Measured By Its Local Impact: Prime Minister odi also outlined broader infrastructure gains since Ladakh became a Union Territory in 2019. According to the figures cited in his address, the road network has expanded from 1,800 kilometres to more than 4,000 kilometres, major bridges have increased from 19 to nearly 75, helipads from seven to more than 40, and household tap-water coverage from 3.5 per cent to nearly 99 per cent. He also said hospital beds had doubled and referred to the ongoing Zojila Tunnel project. These figures, presented by the Prime Minister, indicate the scale of infrastructure development claimed by the government. Their significance is best understood alongside the quality, accessibility and reliability of the services delivered. For residents, a road matters when it provides safe and dependable access. A water connection matters when supplies are adequate and regular. A power project matters when electricity reaches households and businesses reliably. Educational infrastructure matters when students can access quality teaching and meaningful career opportunities. This distinction is important in Ladakh, where geographical challenges can make the delivery and maintenance of public services particularly demanding. The establishment of a High Court Bench for Ladakh, which Modi said received government approval in August 2026, also addresses an institutional dimension of regional development. Improved access to judicial services could reduce the burden of travelling long distances for legal proceedings, subject to the arrangements and services established under the approved framework. Digital connectivity, including the expansion of BharatNet and high-speed internet in remote areas, can complement these improvements by supporting e-governance, online learning and commercial activity. The combined impact of physical infrastructure, digital access and public institutions could help make essential services more accessible across the territory.

Kashmir Horizon View: The inauguration of five projects worth approximately ₹3,350 crore provides an opportunity to examine how infrastructure investment can support a broader development strategy for Ladakh. The projects address different but interconnected requirements: mobility, electricity, water management and cultural preservation. Their benefits could extend to tourism, agriculture, education, local commerce and the delivery of public services. Yet the results will depend on implementation beyond the inauguration stage. Roads and reservoirs require maintenance; power infrastructure needs reliable distribution; airports must operate efficiently; and conservation projects need sustained professional oversight. Equally important is the participation of local communities in determining how development priorities are implemented. Ladakh’s geography and cultural diversity mean that the needs of different settlements may vary considerably. Local consultation can help ensure that investments respond to practical requirements and that the resulting opportunities are accessible to residents. The region’s development strategy will also need to account for environmental pressures. Tourism, transport and construction can create economic benefits, but they must be balanced with the protection of water resources, fragile landscapes and cultural sites. For young people, the greatest long-term gains may come from the interaction of infrastructure with education, skills and entrepreneurship. Better roads and power can support businesses, while stronger educational institutions can prepare local residents to take advantage of the opportunities created. For farmers and artisans, improved transport, digital access and market linkages can help connect traditional products with new customers. For remote communities, reliable essential services can improve everyday life and strengthen economic resilience. The five projects, taken together, reflect an approach that combines large infrastructure investments with efforts to protect heritage and improve the foundations of local livelihoods. Whether this approach produces lasting and broadly shared benefits will depend on how effectively the new facilities are maintained, how well they serve local needs and how closely future investments are linked to skills, employment and environmental sustainability.

(“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)

Mohammad Irfan

India’s semiconductor The completion of 25 years in government by Prime Minister Narendra Modi marks a significant milestone in India’s contemporary political and administrative history. Beginning his tenure as Gujarat Chief Minister on October 7, 2001, and assuming office as Prime Minister in May 2014, Modi has spent a quarter-century at the head of a government, carrying a political and administrative approach from the state level to the national stage. On October 6, 2026, the Union Cabinet passed a resolution congratulating him on completing 25 years of continuous leadership as head of government. The resolution outlined ten defining features of his tenure, spanning welfare delivery, social empowerment, economic reforms, infrastructure, technological innovation, national security, diplomacy and cultural heritage. The Cabinet resolution presents these areas as interconnected elements of a broader vision of national development. Beyond the symbolism of the anniversary, the milestone offers an opportunity to examine how the priorities associated with Modi’s leadership have influenced governance and public service delivery. The central theme is the movement from announcing welfare programmes and development projects towards building systems intended to deliver benefits directly, monitor implementation and expand access across a country of continental scale. The philosophy frequently associated with this approach is Jan Seva Se Desh Seva—service to the people as service to the nation. Its larger objective is expressed through the ambition of Viksit Bharat 2047, a vision of a developed India by the centenary of Independence.

From Gujarat’s Administrative Experiments To National Governance: Modi’s tenure in Gujarat provided an early setting for several administrative initiatives that subsequently influenced the national governance framework. The Cabinet resolution highlights the SWAGAT grievance-redressal system and Jyotigram Yojana as examples of this evolution. SWAGAT, designed to bring citizens’ grievances directly to the attention of the administration, received the United Nations Public Service Award in 2010. Its underlying principle was that public complaints should not remain trapped in layers of bureaucracy but should be reviewed, tracked and addressed through a structured mechanism. At the national level, the PRAGATI platform extended a related approach by enabling the Prime Minister to review important projects, examine implementation delays and bring officials from different levels of government into the same monitoring process. The emphasis on regular review and accountability sought to address a longstanding challenge in Indian administration: the gap between policy approval and delivery on the ground. Jyotigram Yojana, which reorganised electricity supply through separate feeders for agricultural and other rural consumers, represented another effort to address a practical development problem through infrastructure and administrative planning. The significance of these initiatives lies less in any claim that a single state model can be transferred unchanged to an entire country and more in the effort to adapt administrative practices to a larger scale. India’s diversity requires policies to respond to regional conditions, but systems for grievance redressal, monitoring and coordination can provide common institutional foundations. The Gujarat experience therefore became part of the narrative of Modi’s national leadership: identify an administrative problem, establish a mechanism to address it, monitor its performance and extend the approach where it proves useful.

Direct Benefit Transfer| Changing The Architecture Of Welfare: One of the most consequential changes associated with the period since 2014 has been the expansion of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), which seeks to transfer government assistance directly into beneficiaries’ bank accounts. The idea of DBT predates Modi’s prime ministership, having been launched in 2013. Its subsequent expansion, however, was closely linked to the growth of Jan Dhan bank accounts, Aadhaar-based identification and mobile connectivity. Together, these systems strengthened the infrastructure through which government benefits could reach individuals. The scale of the programme illustrates the transformation. According to the official DBT Bharat dashboard, cumulative transfers had crossed ₹53 lakh crore by October 2026, covering 320 schemes administered by 56 ministries. The portal also reports estimated gains of more than ₹5.14 lakh crore from measures associated with reducing duplication and leakages. These are official estimates rather than an independent audit of every programme. DBT Bharat dashboard. The importance of DBT becomes clearer when viewed against the longstanding problem of welfare delivery. In 1985, former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi famously observed that only 15 paise of every rupee intended for the poor reached the intended beneficiary. The remark came to symbolise the weaknesses of a system in which multiple administrative layers could separate public expenditure from its intended recipient. DBT seeks to reduce that distance. Instead of relying entirely on physical distribution, paper-based processes and intermediaries, the government can transfer money directly to a verified account. This approach can improve traceability, reduce certain forms of duplication and allow beneficiaries to receive payments without travelling repeatedly to government offices. Its significance extends across different forms of assistance, including pensions, scholarships, agricultural support and other welfare entitlements. For a farmer awaiting financial assistance, a student receiving a scholarship or an eligible household receiving a benefit, the timing and reliability of a payment can affect everyday decisions. The system is not without implementation challenges. Failed transactions, inactive accounts, authentication difficulties and errors in beneficiary records can prevent eligible people from receiving assistance on time. Digital delivery must therefore be accompanied by accessible grievance-redressal mechanisms, functioning banking services and safeguards against exclusion. Nevertheless, DBT represents an important administrative shift: welfare is increasingly being designed around identifiable beneficiaries and traceable transactions. Its larger contribution lies in creating a delivery infrastructure that can support multiple programmes rather than requiring each scheme to build an entirely separate payment mechanism.

Financial Inclusion And Dignity For Households: The expansion of financial inclusion has reinforced this change. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana brought millions of people into the formal banking system, particularly households that previously had limited access to bank accounts.

Women, Farmers And Communities At The Centre Of Development : The Cabinet resolution places particular emphasis on social empowerment, recognising women, young people, farmers and vulnerable communities as important participants in India’s development. The Lakhpati Didi initiative seeks to support women associated with self-help groups in developing livelihoods that generate annual household incomes of at least ₹1 lakh. The government has highlighted the expansion of such initiatives as part of its effort to strengthen women’s economic participation. The significance of this approach lies in moving beyond welfare recipients towards income-generating participation. Access to credit, training, markets and enterprise opportunities can enable women to strengthen their economic independence and contribute more directly to household decision-making. The Nari Shakti VandanAdhiniyam, which provides for reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies, is another major policy development. Its implementation remains linked to the constitutional process specified in the legislation, including the relevant census and delimitation provisions. Its long-term significance will depend on how effectively the commitment translates into greater representation. For farmers, the PM-KISAN scheme has provided direct financial assistance to eligible landholding farmer families. The Cabinet resolution notes that cumulative transfers under the scheme have exceeded ₹4 lakh crore. While such support can help meet some agricultural expenses, farmers’ long-term prosperity also depends on remunerative prices, irrigation, storage, market access, climate resilience and affordable inputs. Similarly, the PM-JANMAN initiative has focused on particularly vulnerable tribal communities, seeking to improve access to housing, roads, healthcare, education, drinking water and other essential services. These initiatives reflect a development approach that combines financial support with efforts to address gaps in access. Their lasting value will depend on whether they expand opportunities, improve incomes and help communities become more resilient.

“The vision of Viksit Bharat 2047 provides a long-term framework within which infrastructure, education, healthcare, manufacturing, scientific research and social empowerment can be pursued together……..”

Artificial Reform, Infra And The Pursuit Of Self-Reliance: Another defining feature of Modi’s tenure has been the emphasis on economic reform and large-scale infrastructure development. The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax in 2017 sought to bring multiple indirect taxes into a common framework. The reform aimed to reduce the fragmentation of India’s internal market and improve the movement of goods across state borders. Its implementation required extensive coordination between the Centre and states, while businesses, particularly smaller enterprises, had to adapt to new compliance systems. The Government’s broader reform agenda has also included changes to insolvency procedures, digital payments, labour regulation and criminal laws. The replacement of colonial-era criminal laws in 2023, which came into force in July 2024, was presented as an effort to modernise India’s criminal justice framework. The results of reform must ultimately be judged by whether they improve efficiency, reduce unnecessary compliance burdens, support investment and strengthen public institutions. In a large and diverse economy, reforms frequently require adjustments after implementation, making consultation and administrative capacity essential to their success. Infrastructure investment has been another prominent feature of the period. The Cabinet resolution points to an increase in public capital expenditure from approximately ₹2 lakh crore to more than ₹12 lakh crore. Higher public investment in roads, railways and other infrastructure is intended to improve connectivity, reduce logistics costs and support economic activity.

Digital India And The Growing Role Of Technology: Technology has become a central instrument of governance during Modi’s tenure. The combination of digital identity, bank accounts and mobile connectivity has helped expand the delivery of public services, while the Unified Payments Interface has changed how individuals and businesses make everyday payments. Digital payments have reduced dependence on cash in many transactions and enabled small merchants, service providers and consumers to transfer money quickly. Their expansion has also demonstrated how a shared digital infrastructure can support a wide range of private and public services.

Heritage, Environmental Responsibility And The 2047 Vision: The final theme of the Cabinet resolution brings together cultural heritage, environmental responsibility and the long-term ambition of a developed India. The promotion of yoga internationally, the development of pilgrimage infrastructure and the restoration or redevelopment of important religious and cultural sites have been presented as part of a wider effort to strengthen India’s cultural identity. The consecration of Ram Lalla at Ayodhya in January 2024 became a major national event, while projects such as the redevelopment of Kashi Vishwanath Dham sought to improve access to a significant pilgrimage centre. Alongside cultural initiatives, the government has highlighted renewable energy, climate action and international environmental partnerships. India’s expansion of solar and wind energy, its participation in the International Solar Alliance and its commitments under international climate agreements reflect the growing importance of energy transition. The challenge is to balance economic growth with environmental protection. For a country facing rising energy demand, extreme weather risks and pressure on natural resources, development must increasingly account for resilience, efficient resource use and the needs of future generations. The vision of Viksit Bharat 2047 provides a long-term framework within which infrastructure, education, healthcare, manufacturing, scientific research and social empowerment can be pursued together. Reaching that objective will require sustained productivity growth, quality employment, effective institutions, investment in human capital and equitable access to opportunities.

Kashmir Horizon View : The Union Cabinet’s resolution marks 25 years since Modi began leading a government in Gujarat and recognises the continuation of that leadership at the national level since 2014. The journey has been characterised by an emphasis on direct welfare delivery, administrative monitoring, infrastructure expansion, digital systems, manufacturing, national security and international engagement. The spread of these priorities across different sectors provides a framework for understanding the governance model associated with his tenure. The most important test of this model lies in its outcomes. Financial transfers must translate into meaningful household security; infrastructure must generate productive opportunities; manufacturing must create sustainable employment; and technological advances must remain accessible and secure. Social empowerment must be reflected in greater participation and opportunity, while national ambition must be matched by improvements in the everyday lives of citizens. The next phase will require the government to build on existing systems, address implementation gaps and respond to changing economic, environmental and technological conditions. India’s development goals are too extensive to be achieved through any single programme or institution. They depend on cooperation among the Centre, states, local governments, businesses, universities, civil society and citizens. As Modi completes 25 years at the head of government, the anniversary therefore represents both a record of initiatives undertaken and a measure of the responsibilities that lie ahead. The ambition of Viksit Bharat 2047 will ultimately be judged by whether India’s growth becomes more inclusive, its institutions more effective, its economy more productive and the opportunities available to its people more secure. The enduring significance of the milestone will rest not simply on the length of leadership, but on the lasting improvements that this period of governance delivers to the country and its citizens.

(“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)

Mohammad Irfan

As Indian agriculture navigates the challenges of climate change, rising input costs, labour shortages and growing pressure on natural resources, Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha has called for a farmer-centric approach to technological innovation, emphasising that the true measure of agricultural engineering lies in its ability to improve livelihoods in the field rather than merely generate patents and research publications. Addressing the 60th Annual Convention of the Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers (ISAE), co-hosted by Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), on October 5, Sinha outlined a vision of agricultural development in which artificial intelligence, robotics, precision farming and women-led innovation work together to make farming more productive, sustainable and economically viable. His message carries particular significance for Jammu and Kashmir, where agriculture and horticulture sustain rural livelihoods and where varied terrain, changing weather patterns and fragmented landholdings demand locally adapted technological solutions. The convention brought together agricultural scientists, engineers, researchers, academicians and industry representatives to deliberate on women-led engineering innovations in smart farming and the application of artificial intelligence and robotics to the next generation of agriculture. Congratulating ISAE on completing six decades of service, the Lieutenant Governor acknowledged the contribution of agricultural engineers to India’s journey from food shortages towards greater food security. He also commended SKUAST-K for its contribution to agricultural research, education and innovation. However, he stressed that the next phase of agricultural progress would require a different set of priorities: technologies that are affordable, accessible and capable of delivering measurable improvements in farmers’ lives. “Create technology that can endure in real fields, under real monsoon conditions, and within the limited budgets of real farmers. Do not measure your success solely by patents or published research papers. Measure it by whether, five years later, a small farmer in Anantnag, Amritsar or Akola is genuinely better off because of your tools,” Sinha said.

From Food Security To Technology-Driven Agriculture: India’s agricultural transformation since the Green Revolution demonstrates the role that scientific research, mechanisation, improved seeds, irrigation and public investment can play in strengthening food production. Agricultural engineers contributed to this progress through machinery, irrigation systems, harvesting technologies, storage facilities and innovations designed to reduce post-harvest losses. Today, however, the challenge extends beyond increasing production. Farmers must improve productivity while managing water scarcity, soil degradation, climate variability, rising costs and changing market conditions.

Precision agriculture offers an opportunity to address some of these pressures. Soil-moisture sensors can help farmers make informed irrigation decisions, drones can assist with crop monitoring, and artificial intelligence can analyse weather information and crop images to identify potential pest and disease risks. Robotic equipment can help automate repetitive operations, while digital platforms can provide timely agricultural advice and support more efficient use of fertilisers, pesticides and water. Yet technological sophistication alone does not guarantee success. A system designed for large farms may be unsuitable for small landholdings, while expensive equipment can remain beyond the reach of farmers with limited financial resources.

Jammu and Kashmir’s Case For Locally Adapted Innovation: For Jammu and Kashmir, the opportunities are considerable. The region’s agricultural economy includes apple orchards, paddy cultivation, vegetable production, livestock rearing and other activities that operate under different climatic and geographical conditions. In the Kashmir Valley, horticulture is a major source of rural income. Apple growers must manage irrigation, pruning, pest control, harvesting, grading, transportation and storage while responding to changing weather patterns and market requirements. Affordable technologies could help orchardists monitor soil moisture, identify disease risks, improve spraying efficiency and manage irrigation more precisely. Digital advisory systems could also help farmers access timely weather information and crop-management recommendations. In paddy-growing areas, improved machinery and water-management systems could reduce labour requirements and improve resource efficiency. In mountainous districts, lightweight equipment and tools designed for uneven terrain could prove more useful than machinery intended for large, level farms. The region also has opportunities to strengthen cold-chain infrastructure, improve post-harvest handling and introduce energy-efficient storage and processing technologies. Such interventions require close collaboration between scientists, engineers, horticulture experts and farmers. Equipment must be tested under local conditions before wider adoption, with attention to durability, maintenance costs and the availability of technical support. The Lieutenant Governor described Jammu and Kashmir’s Holistic Agriculture Development Programme (HADP) as a model that could offer lessons to other states. The programme’s wider relevance lies in the opportunity to combine agricultural development, technological adoption, capacity-building and support for allied activities within a coordinated framework. For the region, the next step is to ensure that promising technologies reach farmers beyond demonstration plots and become affordable, dependable tools in everyday agricultural operations.

Artificial Intelligence And Robotics Must Remain Affordable: One of the central themes of the convention was the application of artificial intelligence and robotics to what Sinha described as the future of farming. AI-based systems can process weather forecasts, soil information, satellite imagery and crop photographs to support agricultural decisions. In suitable applications, they can help identify disease symptoms, estimate crop stress and improve the timing of irrigation or other farm operations. Drones and robotic equipment can assist with crop monitoring and targeted applications, potentially reducing unnecessary use of certain inputs when properly calibrated and operated. However, access remains a major concern. High equipment costs, unreliable connectivity, limited digital literacy and difficulties in obtaining repairs can prevent small farmers from benefiting from advanced systems. Lt Governor Sinha urged innovators to develop tools that can operate on ordinary smartphones, including in villages with low-bandwidth internet connections. He also called for robotic instruments that could be leased through Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) or collectively owned by farming communities. “I urge the Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers, SKUAST-Kashmir, and every young engineer and innovator to develop tools with affordability and access at their core. Create instruments that work not only on cloud infrastructure, but also on an ordinary smartphone in a low-bandwidth village in Reasi,” he said. The approach recognises that farmers do not necessarily need to own every piece of technology they use. Equipment-sharing arrangements, machinery banks, cooperatives and service providers can allow smallholders to access costly tools by paying only for the services required.

“Lieutenant Governor’s message placed farmers at the centre of this process, calling on engineers and innovators to develop tools that are practical, affordable and durable.….”

Women-Led Innovation Can Reshape Agricultural Engineering: Lt Governor Sinha also placed special emphasis on women’s participation in agricultural technology, calling for an ecosystem that enables women to become innovators, entrepreneurs and leaders in engineering. Women perform substantial work in farming and allied activities, including livestock care, harvesting, food processing and other labour-intensive operations. Yet their contributions have often received insufficient recognition, while limited access to land ownership, finance, technical training and professional networks can restrict their economic opportunities. The Lieutenant Governor urged institutions and private-sector stakeholders to support women-led agricultural technology start-ups and establish laboratories, fellowships and incubation platforms to help young women engineers from rural backgrounds develop their ideas. “Women-led start-ups in agricultural technology should receive financing with the same confidence with which any other start-up is provided the necessary support and facilities,” he said. He stressed that agricultural universities and engineering colleges should actively nurture women innovators and create opportunities for them to turn promising ideas into market-ready products.

Climate Change Makes Innovation More Urgent: Climate resilience is another area where agricultural engineering can make a substantial contribution. Agriculture depends heavily on seasonal conditions, and changes in temperature, rainfall distribution and the frequency of extreme weather events can complicate decisions about sowing, irrigation, harvesting and pest management. In Jammu and Kashmir, where horticulture and farming are closely linked to seasonal weather, access to reliable information and efficient resource management is particularly important. Local weather stations, improved forecasting systems, soil-moisture monitoring and precision irrigation can help farmers make more informed decisions. Better drainage, protected cultivation and improved storage facilities can also reduce certain production and post-harvest risks. In orchards, temperature monitoring and efficient cold-storage systems can support better handling of produce, while renewable-energy-powered equipment may reduce operating costs where conditions permit. However, technology cannot eliminate climate risks on its own. It must be integrated with soil conservation, watershed management, crop planning, improved agricultural practices and accessible extension services. Research institutions have an important role in developing evidence-based recommendations suited to local crops and conditions. They must also help farmers understand both the benefits and limitations of new technologies. The Lieutenant Governor’s appeal to develop solutions that work under real monsoon conditions highlights the importance of testing equipment and systems beyond controlled laboratory settings. Technologies must be able to withstand practical use, remain affordable to maintain and provide benefits that justify their costs. Research institutions must connect laboratories with farmers The participation of SKUAST-K and other research institutions is critical to translating scientific progress into practical outcomes. Agricultural universities can bring together agronomists, horticultural experts, engineers, economists and extension specialists to address problems that cannot be solved by a single discipline. Engineering colleges can contribute expertise in electronics, robotics, software, materials and manufacturing, while agricultural scientists can assess how proposed technologies affect crops, soil and farm productivity. Field trials should form an essential part of this process. Equipment needs to be tested across seasons, soil types, farm sizes and terrain, with farmers involved in evaluating its performance. Researchers must also examine operating costs, maintenance requirements, access to spare parts and the availability of trained operators. A machine that performs well during a demonstration may not necessarily remain effective under prolonged field use. Similarly, digital advisory systems must provide reliable information in accessible formats and should not assume that every farmer has continuous internet access or advanced digital skills. Lt Governor Sinha’s emphasis on measuring research through tangible improvements in farmers’ lives provides a useful framework for evaluating these efforts. Research success should be reflected in reduced production costs, improved resource efficiency, lower post-harvest losses, more reliable crop management and better economic outcomes for farming households. Such an approach would strengthen the relationship between universities and rural communities while making agricultural research more responsive to real-world needs.

Building An Agricultural Technology Economy: Agricultural innovation can also create opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship beyond the farm. Young engineers and entrepreneurs can develop businesses in drone services, irrigation automation, crop-monitoring software, equipment manufacturing, food processing, storage and agricultural logistics. For Jammu and Kashmir, these activities could create stronger links between technical education and the region’s agricultural economy. Locally developed equipment and services could also reduce dependence on distant suppliers for certain specialised products. Public institutions can support this transition through innovation centres, prototype-testing facilities, entrepreneurship programmes and partnerships with industry. Private companies can contribute manufacturing expertise, investment and distribution networks, while FPOs and cooperatives can help connect innovators with farmers who need practical solutions. The commercialisation process must nevertheless remain grounded in affordability and performance. A product should not be promoted simply because it incorporates advanced technology; its value should be demonstrated through reliable results and a clear economic case for farmers. The development of local repair and maintenance services will be equally important. Farmers are more likely to adopt unfamiliar equipment when they know that technical support and spare parts are readily available. By bringing together research, entrepreneurship and agricultural extension, the region can build an innovation ecosystem that supports both farm productivity and employment generation.

Kashmir Horizon View: The 60th Annual Convention of ISAE offered an opportunity to reflect on the next phase of India’s agricultural transformation. The country’s experience demonstrates the value of scientific research, mechanisation and sustained investment in agricultural development. The challenges ahead require these efforts to be extended towards climate resilience, resource efficiency, affordable automation and stronger participation by women. For Jammu and Kashmir, the priorities include locally adapted orchard technologies, improved water management, efficient post-harvest systems and digital services that respond to the needs of small and marginal farmers. The Lieutenant Governor’s message placed farmers at the centre of this process, calling on engineers and innovators to develop tools that are practical, affordable and durable. The significance of this approach lies in its focus on outcomes rather than technological novelty. A successful innovation is one that farmers can afford, understand, maintain and use to improve their livelihoods. As India seeks to build a more productive and sustainable agricultural sector, the partnership between scientists, engineers, universities, entrepreneurs and farming communities will become increasingly important. Lt Governor Sinha’s vision challenges agricultural institutions to ensure that progress in artificial intelligence, robotics and precision farming is not confined to laboratories and conference halls, but reaches the fields where its benefits matter most. If translated into sustained action, this approach can help strengthen agricultural resilience, expand opportunities for women and young entrepreneurs, and make technological progress a practical instrument of prosperity for farming communities across Jammu and Kashmir and the country.

(“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)

Mohammad Irfan

From the surgical strikes of 2016 to the Balakot airstrike in 2019 and Operation Sindoor in 2025, India’s response to terrorism has undergone a visible transformation—from a predominantly reactive security posture to an approach that places greater emphasis on intelligence, precision, preparedness and the ability to impose costs on terrorist infrastructure. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, while addressing the latest episode of Mann Ki Baat, marked 10 years of the 2016 surgical strikes and placed them within this broader evolution of India’s counter-terrorism policy. He recalled the September 28-29, 2016 operation in which the Indian Army crossed the Line of Control to strike terrorist launch pads, describing it as a significant moment in India’s response to terrorism. The Prime Minister said the operation demonstrated a new approach and linked it with the Balakot airstrike and Operation Sindoor, arguing that India had repeatedly communicated that terrorist attacks would invite a response. The significance of the message lies not only in the military operations themselves but in how India’s security establishment has sought to change the strategic calculations surrounding cross-border terrorism. The evolution has involved changes in the choice of targets, the use of intelligence and technology, jointness among the armed forces and the effort to distinguish terrorist infrastructure from conventional military targets. Operation Sindoor, launched in May 2025 following the Pahalgam terrorist attack, became the latest major example of this approach.

From 2016 To 2025| A decade Of Changing Doctrine: The 2016 surgical strikes came after years in which major terrorist attacks had repeatedly triggered demands for stronger action against those responsible. Prime Minister Modi recalled the 2008 Delhi serial blasts and the November 26, 2008 Mumbai attacks while describing the security environment India had faced in earlier years. The 2016 operation marked a significant departure in public signalling. According to the government, Indian forces targeted terrorist infrastructure across the LoC, demonstrating that the geographical boundary would not necessarily prevent India from acting against identified terrorist launch pads. Three years later, the Balakot airstrike extended this approach. Following the February 2019 Pulwama terrorist attack, India conducted a precision airstrike on February 26 against a Jaish-e-Mohammed training facility at Balakot in Pakistan, according to the government. The operation was presented as an expansion of India’s options in responding to terrorism, with the target located beyond the LoC. Operation Sindoor in 2025 represented another stage in that trajectory. Following the April 22, 2025 Pahalgam terrorist attack, India launched Operation Sindoor on May 7, targeting terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir. The Defence Ministry said nine sites were targeted and described the action as focused, measured and non-escalatory, adding that Pakistani military facilities were not targeted in the initial strikes. The Government subsequently described Operation Sindoor as a coordinated, intelligence-led campaign involving multiple domains and emphasised the use of precision and restraint. Taken together, these episodes illustrate an expanding set of military options—from ground-based cross-LoC action to airpower and increasingly integrated, technology-enabled operations.

Operation Sindoor And The Pahalgam Trigger: The immediate backdrop to Operation Sindoor was the Pahalgam terrorist attack of April 2025.The attack killed 26 people, including a Nepali citizen, according to subsequent government accounts. The attack had a particularly significant impact because it targeted civilians in a prominent tourist destination in Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian response came after a period of intelligence assessment and political deliberation. On May 7, the Defence Ministry announced that the armed forces had launched Operation Sindoor against terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir. The initial Government statement said nine sites had been targeted. Importantly, it also described the action as “focused, measured and non-escalatory” and stated that no Pakistani military facilities had been targeted in that phase. This aspect of the operation is important to understanding the emerging doctrine. The stated objective was to hit terrorist infrastructure while attempting to control the risk of a wider military escalation. In other words, the response was framed around the source of the terrorist threat rather than a broad conventional military confrontation.

Precision As The New Language Of Counter-Terrorism: One of the clearest developments between 2016 and 2025 has been the increasing importance of precision. Modern counter-terrorism operations depend not only on the ability to strike a target but also on the ability to identify it accurately, assess its significance and select the appropriate means of attack. Government accounts of Operation Sindoor repeatedly highlighted intelligence, target identification and precision. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting described the operation as based on multi-agency intelligence and said nine major camps were identified and targeted. The Government has also highlighted the growing role of indigenous technologies, including drones, layered air defence and electronic warfare capabilities, in the operation. This suggests that the future of counter-terrorism will not be determined solely by traditional military strength. It will increasingly depend on the quality of intelligence, surveillance, communications, data analysis, unmanned systems, air defence and the ability to integrate different capabilities quickly.

Jointness Changes The Character Of Operations: Another important feature associated with Operation Sindoor was the emphasis on joint operations.The government described the campaign as demonstrating greater coordination among the armed forces and involving multiple operational domains.

Modern warfare increasingly blurs the boundaries between land, air, maritime, cyber, space and information domains. A terrorist network may use encrypted communications, social media, financial networks and cross-border infrastructure while operating through physical camps and launch facilities.Countering such a network therefore requires more than conventional firepower. It requires intelligence agencies, armed forces, technology platforms and diplomatic institutions to work in coordination.The evolution from the 2016 strikes to Operation Sindoor therefore also reflects a broader institutional shift towards integration.

A Calibrated Response Rather Than An Open-Ended Conflict: A central feature of the official description of Operation Sindoor has been calibration. The initial Defence Ministry statement explicitly characterised the action as measured and non-escalatory. That distinction matters because military action against terrorist infrastructure across an international boundary or in Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir carries the risk of escalation. The challenge for policymakers is consequently twofold: demonstrate the capacity and willingness to respond to terrorism while preventing an individual counter-terrorism operation from automatically developing into a broader conventional conflict. The Government’s framing of Operation Sindooremphasised this balance. The objective was presented as targeting terrorist infrastructure while maintaining limits on the scope of the operation. This represents one of the more significant strategic questions for India’s future counter-terrorism policy: how to retain credible deterrence while keeping escalation under control.

“Drones have become relatively inexpensive and widely accessible. Artificial intelligence can assist in analysing large volumes of information. Satellite imagery can improve situational awareness. Electronic warfare can disrupt communications and sensors..….”

The Green Manufacturing And The Next Industrial Frontier: The next phase of Make in India is also being shaped by the global energy transition. Solar manufacturing has expanded considerably, with India reaching 100 GW of solar photovoltaic module manufacturing capacity under the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers framework in 2025, according to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Advanced batteries, electric vehicles, renewable-energy equipment and green technologies are increasingly becoming part of the industrial policy conversation. This could become an important dimension of India’s manufacturing strategy because global investment decisions are increasingly influenced by supply-chain resilience as well as environmental considerations. India’s opportunity lies in combining its large domestic market with manufacturing capacity that can serve international demand for cleaner technologies. Beyond factories: infrastructure and logistics Manufacturing cannot expand sustainably without infrastructure. Over the past decade, the government’s industrial strategy has therefore been accompanied by initiatives such as PM GatiShakti, the National Logistics Policy, industrial corridors, industrial parks and the National Single Window System. The objective is to reduce the time and cost involved in moving goods and establishing industrial units. This is an important but less visible aspect of the Make in India story. A modern manufacturing economy depends on the efficiency of the entire chain—from raw material and component suppliers to factories, warehouses, ports, airports, roads and final markets. The growing emphasis on integrated infrastructure planning reflects an understanding that competitiveness is determined by the entire production ecosystem.

The MSME Dimension: Large factories often receive the most attention, but India’s manufacturing ecosystem is heavily dependent on micro, small and medium enterprises. MSMEs supply components, provide specialised services and form the backbone of several industrial clusters. Their integration into larger domestic and global value chains is therefore critical. The long-term impact of Make in India will depend partly on whether smaller enterprises can adopt modern technology, access affordable finance, improve quality standards and become reliable suppliers to large Indian and multinational companies. The spread of digital systems, formalisation and new procurement mechanisms has created additional opportunities, but financing, technology adoption and scale remain important areas requiring continued attention.

The Unfinished Agenda: The 12-year journey also makes clear that manufacturing transformation is a long-term project rather than a completed destination. India’s manufacturing sector still needs deeper domestic supply chains, greater research and development, stronger technology capabilities and higher productivity. The country also needs to increase its participation in sophisticated global value chains where design, intellectual property and advanced components account for a larger share of value. Employment is another important dimension. Higher manufacturing output does not automatically translate into proportionately higher employment. Automation and modern production methods can raise productivity while limiting the number of workers required for individual production lines. The broader objective, therefore, is to create an ecosystem in which manufacturing expansion generates jobs not only inside factories but also across logistics, services, supplier networks, maintenance, design and technology. Skill development will consequently remain central to the next phase.

Kashmir Horizon View: The most significant feature of the Make in India journey may ultimately be the changing definition of what it means to manufacture in India. In its initial phase, the emphasis was strongly associated with attracting companies and encouraging production. Over time, the agenda has widened to include domestic components, strategic technologies, research and development, startups, infrastructure, exports, supply-chain resilience and integration with global markets. The Government’s latest assessment describes this transition as a movement from simply producing more goods towards building the skills, technology and capacity required to create greater value domestically and compete internationally. The numbers provide evidence of substantial expansion in several areas: electronics production has multiplied, defence exports have risen sharply, pharmaceutical and medical-device investments have grown, FDI has expanded and PLI-supported sectors have recorded significant investment, production and employment. At the same time, these figures also point towards the scale of the next challenge. The question for the coming decade is increasingly not whether India can manufacture, but how much value it can create through manufacturing—and how deeply Indian firms can participate in global technology and supply chains. Twelve years after its launch, Make in India has therefore moved from being principally an investment invitation to becoming part of a broader industrial strategy. The journey from assembling products to designing, developing and exporting them at scale will determine the next chapter. For India, the opportunity is substantial: a large domestic market, a growing industrial base, expanding infrastructure, a sizeable workforce and an increasingly diversified manufacturing ecosystem. The first twelve years have built much of the foundation. The next phase will be about depth—more domestic value addition, more technology, stronger supply chains, greater productivity and a larger presence in global markets. That is ultimately where the longer-term significance of “Make in India” will be measured.

(“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)

Mohammad Irfan

In Kashmir, the story of Pashmina is often told through the finished shawl—the softness of its fibre, the delicacy of its embroidery and the reputation it has earned in markets across the world. But behind every such product lies a much longer story: of skilled hands, inherited knowledge, patient craftsmanship and families whose livelihoods remain closely tied to an art that has survived generations. The Pashmina Artisan Awards 2026, organised by the Pashmeena Entrepreneurs Makers and Artisans (PEMA) Foundation in Srinagar, sought to bring that less visible story to the centre. Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha, who attended the ceremony, described the awards as a celebration not merely of individual artisans but of Jammu and Kashmir’s wider cultural prosperity. His remarks placed particular emphasis on women artisans, whose contribution often remains less visible despite their role in several stages of the craft process. “The true prosperity of a society is reflected in the artistry of its weavers and craftswomen,” Sinha said, stressing that the value of Kashmir’s craft economy cannot be measured only through production figures or exports. At a time when traditional crafts are navigating changing consumer preferences, competition from machine-made products, evolving markets and the need to provide sustainable livelihoods to younger generations, the question facing Kashmir is not simply how to preserve Pashmina, but how to make its preservation economically meaningful for the people who produce it. That makes recognition of artisans more than a ceremonial exercise.

The People Behind The Pashmina Label: Every Pashmina shawl represents a chain of specialised skills. The transformation of raw fibre into a finished product involves knowledge that has traditionally moved from one generation to another. The Lieutenant Governor described every Pashmina shawl, Kani product and Sozni embroidery as “a living heritage”, shaped by patience and devotion. That description points to an important distinction between a craft and a commodity. A commodity can be mass-produced and replaced. A traditional craft depends on human knowledge accumulated over decades. Once that knowledge disappears from a community, rebuilding it can be extremely difficult.

For Kashmir, This Makes Artisans An Important Cultural Resource As Well As An Economic One: The Pashmina tradition is particularly significant because its reputation rests on craftsmanship. The value of a genuine handmade product is connected not merely to the raw material but to the time, precision and expertise invested in transforming it into something that carries an identifiable Kashmiri character. This is also why authenticity has become increasingly important. The Government has said that 18 crafts in Jammu and Kashmir have been granted Geographical Indication (GI) tags, while a QR-based authentication system has also been developed. Such mechanisms can potentially help consumers distinguish genuine products from imitations and, in turn, strengthen the market position of artisans. But certification alone cannot secure the future of a craft. The artisan at the end of the production chain must also receive a fair share of the value generated by the final product.

Women At The Centre Of An Old Tradition: One of the defining features of this year’s awards was the focus on women artisans. For generations, women’s contribution to Kashmir’s handicraft economy has often remained within homes and communities, rather than receiving the same public visibility accorded to finished products, traders or brands. Sinha said women artisans are “the silent creators, its custodians and its heartbeat” of the Pashmina tradition. The emphasis is significant because preserving traditional craftsmanship increasingly depends on recognising the people who possess these skills. Women are involved in different stages of the production process, including embroidery and other forms of value addition. Their labour contributes directly to the distinctive character of Kashmiri products, yet the economic value of such work can be difficult to measure when it takes place within household-based production systems.

Greater Recognition Can Therefore Serve Two Purposes: First, it can give artisans social visibility and dignity. Second, it can help create conditions in which traditional skills become economically attractive to younger members of artisan families. If the next generation sees craftsmanship only as low-paid and insecure work, traditional skills may gradually disappear despite their cultural importance. But if craftsmanship provides recognition, stable income, access to markets, social security and opportunities for innovation, it can become a viable livelihood rather than merely a heritage occupation.

Fair Remuneration Is Central To Preservation: The Lieutenant Governor assured artisans of the Government of India’s commitment in four broad areas, beginning with fair remuneration and protection of GI tags. The emphasis on remuneration is perhaps the most important part of the conversation around traditional crafts. There is often a contradiction in the heritage economy: consumers may pay premium prices for products marketed as handmade and traditional, while the person who actually creates the product may receive only a fraction of the final value. Addressing this gap requires stronger connections between artisans and markets. Digital platforms, exhibitions, direct-to-consumer models and organised producer groups can potentially reduce the distance between the maker and the buyer. They can also allow artisans to understand changing consumer preferences and receive better returns from specialised products. The Government’s assurance of expanding access to global markets through e-commerce, exhibitions and digital platforms therefore has relevance beyond promotion. For artisans, market access can determine whether a traditional skill remains economically sustainable. A product may have immense cultural value, but unless there is a dependable market willing to pay for the skill and time involved, cultural recognition alone cannot sustain the artisan community.

Technology Can Protect Tradition Rather Than Replace It: There is sometimes an assumption that modernisation and traditional craftsmanship are contradictory. The experience of Pashmina suggests otherwise. Technology can be used to strengthen traditional production without replacing the human skill that gives handmade products their character. Digital authentication, for example, can help establish provenance. E-commerce can connect artisans with customers outside Kashmir. Social media can allow craftspeople and small enterprises to tell the story behind their products. Digital catalogues can help preserve patterns and designs. Similarly, modern design training can help artisans respond to changing consumer preferences without abandoning traditional techniques. The challenge is to ensure that innovation remains an instrument in the artisan’s hands rather than a substitute for the artisan. That balance will become increasingly important as younger consumers seek products that combine tradition with contemporary design.

“The PEMA Foundation has previously organised editions of the awards in 2023 and 2025. The 2026 edition, according to the Lieutenant Governor, marks a milestone because of its special focus on women artisans…”

A Calibrated Response Rather Than An Open-Ended Conflict: A central feature of the official description of Operation Sindoor has been calibration. The initial Defence Ministry statement explicitly characterised the action as measured and non-escalatory. That distinction matters because military action against terrorist infrastructure across an international boundary or in Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir carries the risk of escalation. The challenge for policymakers is consequently twofold: demonstrate the capacity and willingness to respond to terrorism while preventing an individual counter-terrorism operation from automatically developing into a broader conventional conflict. The Government’s framing of Operation Sindoor emphasised this balance. The objective was presented as targeting terrorist infrastructure while maintaining limits on the scope of the operation. This represents one of the more significant strategic questions for India’s future counter-terrorism policy: how to retain credible deterrence while keeping escalation under control.

The Role Of Technology: Technology has increasingly become central to India’s counter-terrorism architecture. The Government’s account of Operation Sindoor highlighted indigenous systems and multi-domain capabilities, pointing to drones, air-defence systems and electronic warfare. This technological transition has implications beyond a single operation. The battlefield is changing rapidly. Drones have become relatively inexpensive and widely accessible. Artificial intelligence can assist in analysing large volumes of information. Satellite imagery can improve situational awareness. Electronic warfare can disrupt communications and sensors. At the same time, terrorist organisations can also exploit technology.

This means that technological superiority cannot be treated as a permanent advantage. It requires continuous investment, innovation and adaptation. For India, the emphasis on indigenous defence technology also connects counter-terrorism with the larger objective of defence self-reliance.

From Military Response To A Broader Security Architecture: The evolution described by Modi is not confined to military operations. Counter-terrorism also involves diplomacy, intelligence cooperation, financial tracking, border management and disruption of recruitment networks. The Government’s post-Pahalgam response included diplomatic and economic measures directed at Pakistan, alongside military action. The broader strategy indicates that terrorism is increasingly being treated as a multi-dimensional security challenge. A terrorist organisation does not operate only from a physical camp. It can rely on financing, recruitment, propaganda, logistics and cross-border networks. Consequently, dismantling the physical infrastructure is only one part of the longer-term challenge. Sustained counter-terrorism requires preventing the rebuilding of those networks.

Evolution In India’s Counter-Terror Response Has A Direct Local Significance: For Jammu and Kashmir, the evolution in India’s counter-terror response has a direct local significance. The region has remained at the centre of the cross-border terrorism challenge for decades, while civilians have repeatedly borne the consequences of violence. The Pahalgam attack demonstrated that terrorism continues to have consequences not only for security personnel but also for civilians and the region’s tourism-dependent economy. The response to such attacks therefore has implications beyond the battlefield. Security, tourism, investment, employment and public confidence are interconnected. A reduction in terrorist violence can potentially create greater space for economic activity and normal civic life, although security outcomes depend on a range of factors and cannot be attributed to military operations alone. For Kashmir, the larger objective remains the creation of an environment in which terrorism loses the ability to disrupt civilian life. The central argument advanced by Modi in Mann Ki Baat was that India’s responses since 2016 have communicated a different threshold for dealing with terrorism. The Government’s own later assessment described the 2016 surgical strikes, Balakot and Operation Sindoor as marking a shift towards swift, calibrated responses to cross-border terrorism. The strategic purpose of such a policy is deterrence: creating uncertainty for those planning terrorist attacks about the consequences that may follow. But deterrence is difficult to measure directly. The absence of a particular attack cannot automatically be attributed to any single military operation. Terrorist organisations can also alter tactics, geography and methods in response to counter-measures. What can be observed, however, is the evolution of India’s declared policy and the range of capabilities it has demonstrated.

The Human Cost Remains The Starting Point: Amid discussions of strikes, technology and strategic doctrine, the human cost of terrorism remains the central reason for counter-terrorism efforts. Prime Minister Modi recalled the September 13, 2008 Delhi blasts and the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, as well as the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States. He noted that Indians were among the victims of 9/11 and paid tribute to those killed. The remembrance serves as a reminder that counter-terrorism policy ultimately concerns the protection of civilian life. The Pahalgam attack reinforced that reality. The victims were not military personnel engaged in combat. They were civilians whose lives were abruptly taken by terrorism. The response, therefore, has a dual purpose: preventing further attacks while preserving the space for ordinary people to live, travel, work and pursue their livelihoods without fear.

A Decade Of Evolution—And The Next Challenge: Ten years after the 2016 surgical strikes, the trajectory highlighted by Modi runs through three major milestones: the cross-LoC action of 2016, the Balakot airstrike of 2019 and Operation Sindoor of 2025.

Kashmir Horizon View: The common thread has been the government’s stated intention to respond more directly to terrorist infrastructure and to combine military capability with intelligence and technological capacity. Operation Sindoor added another layer by demonstrating the importance of jointness, precision systems and indigenous defence technologies, according to official accounts. The next stage will require sustaining these capabilities while ensuring that counter-terrorism remains precise, intelligence-led and focused on protecting civilians. The challenge is also to ensure that military capability is complemented by prevention: stronger intelligence networks, effective border security, disruption of terrorist financing, international cooperation and efforts to prevent radicalisation and recruitment. India’s counter-terrorism experience over the past decade thus points to a broader lesson. Security policy is no longer defined only by what happens after an attack. It increasingly depends on the ability to anticipate threats, identify networks, use technology intelligently, coordinate across institutions and respond proportionately when violence occurs. From the surgical strikes of 2016 to Operation Sindoor, the language of India’s counter-terrorism policy has changed significantly. The enduring objective, however, remains much simpler: to ensure that terrorism does not dictate the lives of India’s citizens.

That is ultimately the measure against which any security doctrine has to be viewed—not merely the reach of its weapons, but its ability to protect lives, preserve stability and create greater confidence in the country’s capacity to confront the threat.

(“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)

Mohammad Irfan

The launch of the book “Sardar Patel and Kashmir: The Untold History”  in Srinagar has brought the constitutional history of Jammu Kashmir, particularly the legacy of Article 370, back into the centre of public discussion. Launching the book on September 22, Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha described the abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A in August 2019 as the fulfilment of what he termed Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s “unfinished dream”. He said the constitutional changes had opened new possibilities in education, employment, entrepreneurship and development for the youth of Jammu Kashmir and placed the Union Territory at the threshold of what he described as a new future. The remarks gave the book launch a significance extending beyond the publication itself. At its heart was a larger question: how should the political and constitutional transformation of Jammu Kashmir since 2019 be understood, and what does the legacy of Sardar Patel mean for the region’s future? Article 370 had for decades been one of the defining constitutional features of Jammu Kashmir. The provision created special constitutional arrangements for the erstwhile state and governed the manner in which provisions of the Indian Constitution were extended to it. In August 2019, the Union government issued Constitutional Orders 272 and 273, while Parliament enacted the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019. The latter reorganised the former state into the Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. The Supreme Court, in its December 2023 judgment, upheld the constitutional changes relating to Article 370 and held that the Constitution of India was fully applicable to Jammu Kashmir. For LG Sinha, the post-2019 phase represents an opportunity to move the region’s public conversation from the constitutional question that dominated much of its recent history towards development, opportunity, peace and empowerment. That transition is now increasingly being presented as the next chapter in Jammu Kashmir’s journey.

Article 370| From Constitutional Arrangement To Historical Turning Point: The story of Article 370 is inseparable from the complicated circumstances under which Jammu Kashmir became part of India in 1947. Unlike many other princely states, Jammu Kashmir’s accession occurred in the context of conflict and a rapidly changing political environment. The subsequent constitutional relationship between the state and the Union evolved through Article 370 and a series of Presidential Orders. Over the decades, the provision became a major point of political debate. Supporters of the earlier arrangement viewed it as an important constitutional expression of Jammu Kashmir’s distinctive circumstances, while successive governments and political groups debated its scope, permanence and implications for integration. The 2019 changes fundamentally altered that constitutional framework. The Supreme Court’s judgment of December 2023 is particularly important in understanding the legal status of the transformation. The Court recorded that Constitutional Orders 272 and 273 had the effect of applying the entire Constitution of India to Jammu Kashmir and abrogating Article 370 as it stood before those orders. It also upheld the constitutional validity of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, subject to the directions contained in its judgment. Thus, what had once been a defining constitutional distinction is now part of a new legal and administrative framework. It is this change that Sinha described at the book launch as consigning the “era of Article 370” to history. His interpretation is that the change has created a new starting point for Jammu Kashmir—one in which political energy can increasingly be directed towards economic development, social opportunity and institution-building.

Why Patel’s Legacy Enters The Article 370 Debate: The choice of Sardar Patel as the central figure of the new book gives the Article 370 discussion a historical dimension. Patel was one of the principal figures responsible for the integration of princely states into the Indian Union after Independence. As Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, he worked closely with V.P. Menon during a period when the political map of newly independent India was still taking shape. The integration of hundreds of princely states was among the most consequential tasks facing the new government. At the Srinagar event, Sinha described Patel as the “architect of modern India” and credited his determination, organisational ability and practical approach with helping bring 562 princely states into a united country. The LG’s central argument was that Patel’s vision of national unity has contemporary relevance for Jammu Kashmir. He went further, saying that had Patel been given responsibility for Jammu Kashmir, some of the problems endured by its people for decades might not have arisen. That is Sinha’s historical assessment, rather than an established counterfactual, but it reflects the central argument he sought to draw from Patel’s legacy. The new book consequently provides a platform for examining Patel’s position on Kashmir and the circumstances surrounding the region’s integration.

2019 As A New Constitutional Chapter: For Jammu Kashmir, August 2019 represented a decisive institutional break with the previous constitutional arrangement. The Union government presented the changes as a measure to bring Jammu Kashmir fully into the constitutional and administrative framework applicable elsewhere in India. The reorganisation also altered the region’s administrative structure. The ertwhile state was divided into two Union Territories: Jammu and Kashmir, with a legislature, and Ladakh, without a legislature. The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act received presidential assent on August 9, 2019. The Supreme Court’s 2023 ruling subsequently became an important legal milestone in determining the constitutional validity of the changes. For the administration in Jammu Kashmir, the importance of this legal and constitutional settlement lies in what it believes should follow from it. The argument is that once the long-standing constitutional dispute has been substantially settled, greater attention can be directed towards governance and development. That is why Sinha connected Article 370 with education, employment, entrepreneurship and infrastructure rather than treating the issue purely as a question of constitutional history.

From constitutional integration To Economic Integration: The next stage of the Jammu Kashmir story is increasingly being framed around economic integration. Constitutional integration establishes a legal relationship, but economic integration depends on whether people, businesses and institutions are able to participate fully in wider markets and opportunities. This is where infrastructure becomes important. Road connectivity, railway expansion, digital networks, airports, logistics facilities and urban infrastructure can reduce the economic disadvantages associated with geography. For Jammu Kashmir, where difficult terrain has historically affected connectivity and transportation costs, infrastructure can have an especially significant multiplier effect.

A Road Does More Than Reduce Travel Time: It can allow farmers to reach markets faster, enable tourists to access new destinations, connect students with educational institutions, facilitate movement of goods and encourage private investment. The same principle applies to digital connectivity. A young entrepreneur in Kashmir can increasingly serve customers outside the region without physically relocating. Digital services, e-commerce, software, online education and creative industries can all expand the economic space available to young people. This is why Sinha’s emphasis on the digital economy and startup culture is significant.

“LG Sinha described the youth of Jammu Kashmir as the region’s “most valuable asset” and stressed the need to channel their energy towards nation-building.The emphasis represents a shift in the narrative.For years, much of the national conversation around Jammu Kashmir centred on security, terrorism, constitutional status and political uncertainty……..”

Artificial Intelligence Youth As The Bridge Between The Two Eras: The most important link between the history of Article 370 and the future of Jammu Kashmir may be its youth. A constitutional transformation has limited meaning unless it is reflected in the lives and opportunities of the next generation. Sinha described the youth of Jammu Kashmir as the region’s “most valuable asset” and stressed the need to channel their energy towards nation-building. The emphasis represents a shift in the narrative. For years, much of the national conversation around Jammu Kashmir centred on security, terrorism, constitutional status and political uncertainty. The emerging policy narrative increasingly seeks to place education, skills, startups, technology, tourism and employment alongside security concerns. This does not mean that security challenges have disappeared. Rather, the argument is that lasting stability requires economic and social opportunities as well. A young population needs more than political assurances. It needs high-quality education, employable skills, entrepreneurship opportunities, access to capital, modern infrastructure and the confidence to build its future locally.

The startup Opportunity: Jammu Kashmir’s economic structure has traditionally relied heavily on agriculture, horticulture, tourism, government employment and small businesses. These sectors remain important, but the digital economy offers an opportunity to diversify. Startups can operate in areas ranging from tourism technology and handicrafts to agriculture, logistics, education, healthcare and software. The region’s unique products and cultural assets can also be taken to national and international markets through digital platforms. The challenge will be to build an ecosystem around these ideas. Entrepreneurs require incubation facilities, mentorship, finance, skilled employees, reliable connectivity and access to customers. Universities and colleges can become important parts of this ecosystem by connecting research with commercial applications. Srinagar and Jammu, in particular, have the institutional base to develop stronger innovation ecosystems. Sinha’s vision of these cities as centres of education, trade and innovation therefore reflects an attempt to connect the post-2019 phase with a more diversified economic future.

Development As The Next Measure Of Integration: The strongest test of any new political or constitutional phase is ultimately development. For ordinary citizens, constitutional arrangements matter, but so do employment, healthcare, education, roads, electricity, tourism and household incomes. The post-2019 narrative will therefore increasingly be judged by measurable outcomes. If constitutional integration is accompanied by greater economic integration, more investment, improved infrastructure and wider employment opportunities, the changes will acquire a practical meaning in people’s lives. This is also why Sinha’s four priorities—peace, infrastructure and connectivity, youth empowerment, and cultural revival—are interconnected. A peaceful environment encourages investment. Infrastructure connects markets. Youth entrepreneurship generates employment. Cultural tourism creates opportunities while preserving identity. Together, these elements can form a broader development model.

Peace Remains The Foundation: Sinha placed peace and security at the top of his priorities, reiterating the administration’s policy of zero tolerance towards terrorism. For any development strategy in Jammu Kashmir, security remains a fundamental consideration. Tourism requires visitors to feel safe. Businesses require predictable conditions. Infrastructure projects require stability. Students and professionals need an environment in which they can pursue education and careers without disruption. At the same time, development can reinforce stability by giving young people greater economic opportunity and creating stronger links between communities and institutions. This makes peace and development mutually reinforcing rather than competing objectives. The broader challenge for governance is therefore to ensure that security measures, economic development and public services advance together.

Culture As A Source Of Strength: The fourth pillar highlighted by Sinha is cultural heritage. Jammu Kashmir possesses a distinctive cultural inheritance that includes historic architecture, crafts, literature, music, cuisine, pilgrimage traditions and diverse local practices. The post-Article 370 development narrative can incorporate this heritage not only as a tourism product but as an important component of social identity. Handicrafts and traditional industries provide livelihoods to thousands of families. Heritage tourism can create opportunities for local guides, artisans, hospitality providers and small businesses. Cultural preservation can also strengthen young people’s connection with their communities. In this sense, development does not necessarily mean replacing traditional identities with modern economic models. It can instead mean finding ways in which heritage becomes an asset within a modern economy.

A Fresh Examination Of History: The launch of Sardar Patel and Kashmir: The Untold History also raises an important question about how Jammu Kashmir’s history should be studied. Sinha called for historical narratives to be examined with honesty and impartiality and urged writers to treat history as a mirror of truth rather than an instrument of glorification. That approach is particularly relevant to Kashmir. The region’s modern history has been interpreted through different political perspectives, and several aspects remain contested among historians and political actors. A stronger engagement with archival material and primary sources can help broaden the debate. The value of historical research lies not necessarily in producing a single interpretation but in enabling citizens to understand why particular decisions were taken, what alternatives existed and what consequences followed. That becomes especially important when historical events continue to shape contemporary politics.

Patel’s Idea Of Unity And Today’s Jammu & Kashmir: The central theme of Patel’s legacy, as presented at the Srinagar event, is national unity. His integration of princely states created the territorial and administrative foundation of the Indian Union. Sinha’s argument is that the constitutional changes of 2019 should be viewed within this longer story of integration. The analogy has a clear political dimension, but it also offers a framework for considering what integration means beyond constitutional provisions. Modern integration is not simply territorial. It also involves economic participation, equal access to institutions, mobility, education, technology and opportunities. If Jammu Kashmir’s young people can participate fully in India’s expanding digital and entrepreneurial economy, integration acquires an economic dimension. If students can access educational opportunities across the country, it acquires a social dimension. If businesses in Jammu Kashmir can access national markets without structural barriers, it acquires a commercial dimension. And if the region’s cultural identity continues to flourish within this larger national framework, integration need not imply cultural uniformity. This is close to the idea Sinha invoked through “Ek Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat”—unity alongside diversity.

Looking Beyond The Article 370 Debate:  The constitutional debate around Article 370 dominated Jammu Kashmir’s political discourse for generations. The 2019 changes and the Supreme Court’s 2023 judgment have now created a substantially different constitutional landscape. The challenge for the coming years is to move from constitutional settlement to institutional and economic consolidation. That means strengthening schools and universities, developing industries, improving healthcare, expanding tourism, encouraging entrepreneurship, building infrastructure and creating employment. It also means ensuring that young people see a future in which their ambitions can be realised within Jammu Kashmir. This is perhaps the most consequential shift in the narrative. The question is no longer only how Jammu Kashmir should be positioned constitutionally within India. It is increasingly about what kind of economy and society the region can build within that framework.

A New Chapter After A Long Constitutional Debate: The book launch has therefore provided an opportunity to connect three different periods of Jammu Kashmir’s history. The first is the period of Independence and the integration of princely states, in which Sardar Patel emerged as a central nation-builder. The second is the long constitutional era in which Article 370 became one of the defining features of Jammu Kashmir’s relationship with the Union. The third is the post-2019 period, in which the constitutional framework has been fundamentally altered and the region is being presented with a development-oriented future. Sinha’s message is that these three periods should not be viewed in isolation. For him, the legacy of Patel provides a historical lens through which the 2019 changes can be interpreted, while the post-2019 period should ultimately be judged by the opportunities it creates for the people of Jammu Kashmir. That makes development the most important next chapter.

From History To Opportunity: The lasting significance of the Article 370 transformation will ultimately depend on what Jammu Kashmir makes of the new constitutional environment. The region possesses considerable strengths: a highly educated youth population, internationally recognised tourism destinations, a strong horticulture sector, traditional handicrafts, an expanding infrastructure network and major educational institutions. Its geography, culture and natural resources can also support new economic opportunities. The task is to connect these strengths with modern markets. That requires investment, innovation and skills. It requires young people to become participants in the digital economy. It requires universities to become centres of research and entrepreneurship. It requires cities to become hubs of trade and innovation. And it requires rural areas to be connected to markets and services. This is where the post-370 narrative moves from politics to policy.

Kashmir Horizon View: At the Srinagar launch, Sinha described the book as a “lighthouse” illuminating Patel’s vision of a united and confident India. The metaphor is significant because the event was ultimately less about looking backwards than about drawing lessons for the future. Patel’s contribution to India’s integration belongs to history. Article 370’s constitutional journey has entered a new phase following the 2019 changes and the Supreme Court’s 2023 judgment. The next challenge is to ensure that Jammu Kashmir’s future is defined increasingly by peace, opportunity and development. The LG’s four priorities provide one such framework: security, connectivity, youth empowerment and cultural revival. Each addresses a different requirement of a modern economy and society. Together, they suggest a development model in which peace creates stability, infrastructure creates access, youth create innovation and culture creates identity and economic opportunity. For Jammu Kashmir, this could represent a significant transition—from a political narrative dominated for decades by constitutional questions towards one increasingly centred on human development. The history of Article 370 will continue to be studied and debated. So will the role of Sardar Patel in Jammu Kashmir’s early constitutional history. But the most important measure of the next chapter will be practical: whether young people find greater opportunities, whether businesses grow, whether infrastructure connects communities, whether tourism and traditional industries expand, and whether peace becomes sufficiently durable for development to take deeper root.

(“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)

Mohammad Irfan

When Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the ‘Make in India’ initiative on September 25, 2014, the central proposition was straightforward but ambitious: India should not merely be a large consumer market but should increasingly become a place where goods are designed, manufactured and exported to the world. Twelve years later, the initiative has evolved well beyond its original campaign identity. It has become an umbrella for a series of policy interventions aimed at attracting investment, expanding domestic manufacturing, improving infrastructure, supporting technology-intensive industries and integrating Indian companies into global value chains. Marking the completion of 12 years on September 25, Prime Minister Modi highlighted three broad outcomes of the initiative—“more made in India”, “more investment in India” and “more exports from India”—and said that the transformation was visible across sectors. The more significant story, however, lies not merely in the slogan but in how the manufacturing ecosystem has changed during this period. According to the government’s latest assessment, manufacturing Gross Value Added at constant prices recorded a compound annual growth rate of 10.88 per cent between 2022-23 and 2025-26 under the revised national accounts series. The manufacturing component of the Index of Industrial Production also grew 7 per cent during April-July 2026 compared with the corresponding period a year earlier. These figures suggest that the manufacturing push has acquired greater breadth, even as the larger objective of making India a globally competitive manufacturing base remains an ongoing process.

From An Initiative To An Industrial Policy Architecture: One of the important changes over the past 12 years has been the expansion of Make in India from a broad investment-promotion initiative into a wider policy architecture. Make in India 2.0 currently covers 27 sectors, including 15 manufacturing sectors and 12 services sectors. Alongside it, the government has introduced or expanded programmes such as the Production Linked Incentive scheme, National Single Window System, PM GatiShakti, the GIS-enabled Industrial Land Bank, Startup India, industrial parks, public procurement measures and initiatives to reduce compliance burdens. This matters because manufacturing competitiveness depends on more than factories. A company deciding to establish a production facility must consider land, logistics, power, skilled workers, taxation, access to suppliers, regulatory approvals, ports and roads, technology and the availability of a market. The policy approach of the past decade has increasingly attempted to address these interconnected requirements rather than treating manufacturing as an isolated activity. The Production Linked Incentive scheme represents perhaps the clearest example of this shift. Introduced across 14 strategic sectors, the scheme links incentives to incremental production and sales, encouraging companies to expand manufacturing capacity in India. By December 2025, the PLI framework had attracted more than Rs 2.16 lakh crore in investment, generated over Rs 20.41 lakh crore in incremental production and sales, and supported more than 14.39 lakh direct and indirect jobs, according to government data. By June 2026, the government reported that cumulative PLI investments had risen to Rs 2.6 lakh crore, with production and sales of Rs 23.8 lakh crore, exports exceeding Rs 15.5 lakh crore and 14.6 lakh jobs generated across the covered sectors. The figures illustrate how Make in India has increasingly relied on targeted industrial policy rather than a single incentive or program.

Electronics| Perhaps The Most Visible Transformation: Few sectors demonstrate the changing character of Indian manufacturing as clearly as electronics. In 2014-15, electronics production was valued at around Rs 1.9 lakh crore. By 2025-26, government data put electronics production at approximately Rs 13.11 lakh crore—nearly seven times the earlier level. Mobile-phone production increased from around Rs 18,900 crore to approximately Rs 6.3 lakh crore during the same period. India is now the world’s second-largest mobile-phone manufacturer by volume, according to the government’s latest Make in India assessment. The transformation is also reflected in export figures. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology data show that electronics production rose from Rs 6.41 lakh crore in 2021-22 to Rs 11.33 lakh crore in 2024-25. Electronics exports increased from Rs 1.17 lakh crore to Rs 3.27 lakh crore over the same period, registering a compound annual growth rate of about 40.9 per cent. More importantly, the sector is gradually moving beyond simple assembly. Government data on the PLI programme indicate that domestic manufacturing has expanded into printed circuit board assemblies, batteries, camera and display modules, enclosures and other sub-assemblies. The direction of this change is significant because the long-term value of manufacturing depends on the depth of the domestic supply chain, not simply on the final assembly of imported components.

The challenge ahead is therefore to deepen localisation further, bringing more components, design capabilities, semiconductor-related activities and high-value technologies into India’s production ecosystem.

Automobiles Show The Depth Of An Established Industrial Base: The automobile industry provides another important window into India’s manufacturing trajectory. India already possessed a substantial automotive industry before Make in India was launched. The significance of the past 12 years, therefore, is less about creating the sector from scratch and more about expanding its scale, technological capabilities, supply chains and export potential. According to the Ministry of Heavy Industries’ annual report, vehicle production in India increased from around two million units in 1991-92 to approximately 31 million units in 2024-25. The Indian automotive industry’s turnover is estimated at around $240 billion, or roughly Rs 20 lakh crore. The industry has also become an important destination for foreign investment and a major source of components and engineering capabilities. The next phase is increasingly linked to electric mobility, batteries, advanced chemistry cells and cleaner transportation technologies. These areas have been included within the broader manufacturing incentive framework, indicating that Make in India is being used not only to expand traditional manufacturing but also to position Indian industry for emerging technologies. That transition is particularly important because global manufacturing is being reshaped by electrification, automation, artificial intelligence and supply-chain diversification.

Defence Manufacturing|From Procurement To Production And Exports : Defence is another area where the domestic manufacturing base has expanded sharply. India’s defence production reached a record Rs 1.78 lakh crore in 2025-26, according to government data. Defence exports increased from Rs 686 crore in 2013-14 to Rs 38,424 crore in 2025-26. Government figures state that Indian defence products are now being exported to more than 80 countries. The significance of this change extends beyond the export number. A domestic defence manufacturing ecosystem can create demand for engineering, electronics, materials, software, precision manufacturing and research. The government’s indigenization programmes have also sought to expand the role of domestic firms, startups and academic institutions. Since 2022-23, 25 per cent of the defence research and development budget has been opened to industry, startups and academia, according to the Ministry of Defence data cited by the government. This reflects a broader movement from a procurement-centred model towards a more integrated defence industrial ecosystem.

Investment As A Critical Pillar: The second part of the Prime Minister’s September 25 message—“more investment in India”—is equally important. India received cumulative FDI inflows of approximately $843 billion between financial years 2014-15 and 2025-26, according to government data. The figure represents a substantial increase over the preceding 12-year period. FDI inflows in 2025-26 were reported at a record $94.53 billion. Manufacturing has been an important component of this investment story. Government data put manufacturing FDI equity inflows between April 2014 and March 2025 at $184.15 billion. Total FDI inflows during 2014-25 were reported at $748.78 billion. The significance of FDI for Make in India is not limited to the capital it brings. Foreign investment can bring technology, managerial practices, supplier networks and access to international markets. When foreign companies manufacture in India and source increasingly from Indian suppliers, the potential impact extends beyond the individual factory.The policy challenge is to ensure that investment creates deeper domestic value addition, technology transfer, employment and local supply chains.

Exports Provide The Global Test: The third pillar highlighted by the Prime Minister is exports.India’s total merchandise and services exports were estimated at $860.09 billion in 2025-26, compared with $825.26 billion in 2024-25, an increase of about 4.22 per cent. Manufacturing exports are particularly important to the Make in India proposition because the ultimate test of an industrial strategy is whether products made domestically can compete in global markets on quality, price, reliability and delivery. Electronics and defence offer two examples of changing export profiles, while pharmaceuticals, automobiles, engineering goods, textiles and chemicals remain important parts of India’s export basket. The emerging pattern is therefore not a single-sector transformation but a gradual diversification of India’s manufacturing and export base.

“Since 2022-23, 25 per cent of the defence research and development budget has been opened to industry, startups and academia, according to the Ministry of Defence data cited by the government.….”

The Green Manufacturing And The Next Industrial Frontier: The next phase of Make in India is also being shaped by the global energy transition. Solar manufacturing has expanded considerably, with India reaching 100 GW of solar photovoltaic module manufacturing capacity under the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers framework in 2025, according to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Advanced batteries, electric vehicles, renewable-energy equipment and green technologies are increasingly becoming part of the industrial policy conversation. This could become an important dimension of India’s manufacturing strategy because global investment decisions are increasingly influenced by supply-chain resilience as well as environmental considerations. India’s opportunity lies in combining its large domestic market with manufacturing capacity that can serve international demand for cleaner technologies.

Beyond Factories| Infra, Logistics: Manufacturing cannot expand sustainably without infrastructure. Over the past decade, the government’s industrial strategy has therefore been accompanied by initiatives such as PM GatiShakti, the National Logistics Policy, industrial corridors, industrial parks and the National Single Window System. The objective is to reduce the time and cost involved in moving goods and establishing industrial units. This is an important but less visible aspect of the Make in India story. A modern manufacturing economy depends on the efficiency of the entire chain—from raw material and component suppliers to factories, warehouses, ports, airports, roads and final markets.The growing emphasis on integrated infrastructure planning reflects an understanding that competitiveness is determined by the entire production ecosystem.

The MSME Dimension: Large factories often receive the most attention, but India’s manufacturing ecosystem is heavily dependent on micro, small and medium enterprises. MSMEs supply components, provide specialised services and form the backbone of several industrial clusters. Their integration into larger domestic and global value chains is therefore critical. The long-term impact of Make in India will depend partly on whether smaller enterprises can adopt modern technology, access affordable finance, improve quality standards and become reliable suppliers to large Indian and multinational companies. The spread of digital systems, formalisation and new procurement mechanisms has created additional opportunities, but financing, technology adoption and scale remain important areas requiring continued attention.

The Unfinished Agenda: The 12-year journey also makes clear that manufacturing transformation is a long-term project rather than a completed destination. India’s manufacturing sector still needs deeper domestic supply chains, greater research and development, stronger technology capabilities and higher productivity. The country also needs to increase its participation in sophisticated global value chains where design, intellectual property and advanced components account for a larger share of value. Employment is another important dimension. Higher manufacturing output does not automatically translate into proportionately higher employment. Automation and modern production methods can raise productivity while limiting the number of workers required for individual production lines. The broader objective, therefore, is to create an ecosystem in which manufacturing expansion generates jobs not only inside factories but also across logistics, services, supplier networks, maintenance, design and technology. Skill development will consequently remain central to the next phase.

Kashmir Horizon View: The most significant feature of the Make in India journey may ultimately be the changing definition of what it means to manufacture in India. In its initial phase, the emphasis was strongly associated with attracting companies and encouraging production. Over time, the agenda has widened to include domestic components, strategic technologies, research and development, startups, infrastructure, exports, supply-chain resilience and integration with global markets. The Government’s latest assessment describes this transition as a movement from simply producing more goods towards building the skills, technology and capacity required to create greater value domestically and compete internationally. The numbers provide evidence of substantial expansion in several areas: electronics production has multiplied, defence exports have risen sharply, pharmaceutical and medical-device investments have grown, FDI has expanded and PLI-supported sectors have recorded significant investment, production and employment. At the same time, these figures also point towards the scale of the next challenge. The question for the coming decade is increasingly not whether India can manufacture, but how much value it can create through manufacturing—and how deeply Indian firms can participate in global technology and supply chains. Twelve years after its launch, Make in India has therefore moved from being principally an investment invitation to becoming part of a broader industrial strategy. The journey from assembling products to designing, developing and exporting them at scale will determine the next chapter. For India, the opportunity is substantial: a large domestic market, a growing industrial base, expanding infrastructure, a sizeable workforce and an increasingly diversified manufacturing ecosystem. The first twelve years have built much of the foundation. The next phase will be about depth—more domestic value addition, more technology, stronger supply chains, greater productivity and a larger presence in global markets.That is ultimately where the longer-term significance of “Make in India” will be measured.

(“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)