Dr. Ashraf Zainabi

The Government of Jammu and Kashmir recently approved a ₹361-crore Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) project at Achan with a proposed capacity of 800 tonnes per day (TDP). The objective is commendable. No modern society can function without scientific waste management, and Kashmir urgently needs better systems for handling the mountains of garbage generated every day.
Yet the announcement also presents an opportunity to ask a more important question.Are we investing hundreds of crores to manage the consequences of plastic pollution, when we should instead be investing to prevent plastic pollution itself?Waste management is necessary. Waste prevention is transformative.
Every landfill, every waste-processing plant, and every recycling facility begins with the assumption rather conviction that plastic will continue entering the Valley indefinitely. It accepts the problem and attempts to manage it. But what if Kashmir became the first Himalayan region to stop the problem at its source?
Imagine redirecting the same policy ambition behind the Achan project towards a much larger environmental mission. Imagine investing ₹361 crore not merely in processing waste but in eliminating much of it before it is ever created.
The proposal is simple.Instead of treating plastic as an unavoidable reality, Kashmir should progressively eliminate it through legislation, industrial policy and phased implementation.The Valley needs a Plastic Elimination and Safe Environment Act (PESE Act).
Just as India enacted the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act to demonstrate that narcotic drugs are not merely a policing issue but a national priority, Kashmir now needs legislation that treats plastic pollution with similar seriousness. Plastic may not intoxicate people, but it slowly intoxicates rivers, lakes, forests, farmland, livestock and ultimately the food chain itself.
The comparison is not about imposing identical punishments. It is about assigning equal administrative urgency. Environmental destruction should never remain a low-priority civic offence. It should become a matter of public policy, public health and intergenerational responsibility.
The proposed PESE Act should prohibit the manufacture, storage, transport, distribution and sale of specified single-use plastics through a carefully planned transition. More importantly, it should gradually prohibit products entering Kashmir in unnecessary plastic packaging wherever practical alternatives exist, especially the potato chips packets, and other fried and non-fried items packed in plastics that includes biscuits. I remember the crack-jack and other biscuitsof 1990s that weretasty and had paper based packing. Even toffees were packed in paper based covers. Why not today?
This is where the major focus of the proposed ₹361 crore project should go to counter plastic packaging industry.By doing so, a part of ₹361 crore proposed project becomes an investment rather than an expenditure.Instead of spending the entire amount on managing the waste after it is generated, Kashmir could establish India’s first large-scale biodegradable packaging industry dedicated to serving the Valley’s economy.A Green Packaging Mission (GPM) could emerge as Kashmir’s next major industrial sector.
Every chips packet wrapped in biodegradable packaging material instead of plastic is one less piece of waste reaching Dal Lake. Every paper-based or fabric based shopping bag replacing plastic is one less item blocking drains during rainfall. Every locally manufactured eco-friendly package creates employment while reducing pollution. Let every village/area of 300 households have its local manufacturing, distribution, and selling units of GPM for everything that needs packaging. Let the branded chips, biscuit, and other fried item companies open their manufacturing units in Kashmir but use locally produced packaging material if they want the Kashmir as their market. If they resist or refuse, bane them and save Kashmir from pollution and obesity.

“The ₹361 crore sanctioned for the Achan waste plant demonstrates strong political will. If this same political commitment were redirected toward an ambitious Plastic Elimination and Safe Environment (PESE) Act, it could transition the region from merely managing pollution to preventing it entirely—creating a sustainable eco-model featuring a biodegradable packaging industry, green jobs, and healthier ecosystems.”

Unlike a landfill, GPM will produce jobs and wealth.Unlike waste treatment, it willcontrol pollution at its source.Critics will immediately argue that plastic cannot disappear overnight.They are correct.That is precisely why implementation must be phased rather than abrupt.
During the first year, selected locations such as Pahalgam, Gulmarg, Sonamarg, Lal Chowk, Sopore, Baramulla and Chadoora could become Plastic-Free Zones. Businesses would receive transition assistance. Manufacturers supplying these markets would begin switching to biodegradable packaging.
During the second year, the programme could expand to every major town. Government offices, schools, hospitals, universities, hotels and tourist establishments would procure only approved biodegradable packaging wherever feasible.
By the third year, the entire Valley could move towards becoming India’s first genuinely plastic-light Himalayan region.Such a transition would not simply benefit the environment.It would create an entirely new manufacturing ecosystem.Thousands of skilled and semi-skilled jobs.Research opportunities for universities.Business opportunities for entrepreneurs.Export potential to other states.A new green identity for Kashmir.
Tourists travel to Kashmir because of its mountains, lakes, gardens and rivers. They do not come to photograph plastic wrappers floating beside shikaras or bottles trapped among willow trees. Every year we spend crores promoting tourism, while plastic quietly damages the very landscape on which tourism depends.
The economics are equally compelling.Waste-processing facilities require continuous maintenance, imported machinery, trained operators, spare parts, electricity and recurring operational expenditure. As waste increases, infrastructure must also expand. The financial burden never truly ends.
By contrast, reducing plastic entering the Valley reduces future collection costs, transport costs, landfill requirements and environmental restoration expenses. Prevention is almost always cheaper than perpetual cleanup.
This is not an argument against scientific waste management. Even a plastic-free Kashmir will continue generating organic waste, construction debris and recyclable materials. Modern waste infrastructure will always remain necessary. But it should become the second line of defence, not the first.
The first line of defence should be preventing unnecessary plastic from entering the Valley. History consistently rewards societies that invest in prevention rather than consequences. Vaccination prevents disease before hospitals become overcrowded. Road-safety laws prevent accidents before emergency rooms fill up. Clean drinking water prevents epidemics before medicines become necessary.
Environmental policy should embrace the same philosophy.The cleanest landfill is the one that never receives the waste.The cleanest river is the one that never receives plastic.The cleanest lake is the one where wrappers never arrive.
Kashmir has often aspired to become a model in tourism, education and environmental stewardship. Here lies an opportunity to become a model for the entire country. Instead of becoming known for building one of India’s largest waste-processing facilities, let Kashmir become known for needing less waste processing because it had the courage to eliminate plastic at its source.
The ₹361 crore sanctioned for Achan reflects political will. That same political will, combined with an ambitious Plastic Elimination and Safe Environment (PESE) Act, could build something far more enduring than another waste plant. It could create a biodegradable packaging industry, thousands of green jobs, cleaner lakes, healthier ecosystems and a new development model rooted not in managing pollution, but in preventing it.
(The author is a teacher and a researcher based in Gowhar Pora Chadoora of Central Kashmir’s Budgam district. The views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this article are those of the author and aren’t necessarily in accord with the views of “Kashmir Horizon”)

bhatashraf@gmail.com

India’s higher education system is standing on a fragile foundation. Behind the impressive statistics of rising enrollments, expanding campuses and ambitious education reforms lies a reality that policymakers often avoid discussing openly — a large part of the system is surviving on temporary faculty. Guest lecturers, contractual teachers, ad-hoc appointments, visiting faculty, and part-time academics are increasingly replacing permanent educators across universities and colleges. The result is a system that appears stable from the outside but is becoming academically hollow from within.
The problem is no longer limited to a few institutions. Across the country, thousands of sanctioned teaching posts remain vacant for years. Recruitment processes move slowly, approvals are delayed, and financial constraints are frequently cited as excuses for not hiring permanent faculty. Instead of filling vacancies, institutions rely on temporary appointments because they are cheaper, easier to manage, and free from long-term financial commitments. What began as an emergency arrangement has now become the normal operating model of Indian higher education.
This shift has serious consequences for academic quality. Temporary teachers often carry the same teaching burden as permanent faculty but receive only a fraction of the salary and benefits. Many work without job security, uncertain whether their contracts will continue after a semester or an academic session. Some teachers spend years moving from one short-term appointment to another without career stability. In such an environment, expecting academic excellence becomes unrealistic.
Teaching is not merely about completing lectures or finishing the syllabus. Good education requires continuity, mentorship, intellectual engagement, research guidance, and academic leadership. A teacher who is unsure about retaining employment cannot fully invest in long-term academic development. Temporary faculty members are often excluded from important institutional decisions, research planning, curriculum development, and policy discussions. They become workers inside the system rather than respected academic contributors.
Students suffer the most from this instability. When faculty changes repeatedly, mentorship disappears. Research supervision becomes inconsistent. Classroom engagement weakens. Teachers under pressure to secure their next contract may focus more on survival than innovation. Many talented educators avoid experimenting with new teaching methods because temporary positions rarely reward creativity or academic risk-taking. Education gradually becomes mechanical, examination-oriented, and transactional.
Research culture has also weakened because of insecure academic employment. Research requires stability, collaboration, funding, and long-term planning. Temporary faculty members rarely receive adequate research grants, institutional support, or opportunities for professional growth. Many are overloaded with teaching hours and administrative tasks, leaving little time for meaningful scholarship. As a result, institutions produce more paperwork than genuine research innovation.
The crisis becomes more severe in rural and semi-urban institutions. These colleges already struggle with limited facilities, weak research ecosystems, and poor funding. Faculty shortages make the situation worse. Permanent teachers often prefer urban institutions where career opportunities, academic networks, and living conditions are better. Smaller institutions therefore become heavily dependent on guest faculty, leading to uneven educational quality across regions. This creates a dangerous academic divide where elite institutions continue progressing while ordinary colleges struggle to maintain basic standards.

“The growing dependence on temporary faculty also exposes a deeper contradiction in India’s education priorities. Institutions proudly invest in modern buildings, digital infrastructure, smart classrooms, rankings, and promotional campaigns. Yet the central pillar of education — the teacher — remains neglected. A university can function temporarily without advanced infrastructure, but it cannot function meaningfully without committed and qualified faculty. No amount of technology can replace intellectual mentorship.”

Another major concern is the declining attractiveness of teaching as a profession. Talented young scholars increasingly hesitate to enter academia because the career path appears uncertain and underpaid. Years of higher education, research, and doctoral training often lead only to temporary appointments with limited financial security. Many capable individuals move toward corporate jobs, foreign universities, or non-academic careers. India is therefore not only facing a faculty shortage; it is slowly losing intellectual talent from academia itself.
Ironically, this crisis exists at a time when India aims to become a global education hub. Policymakers speak about innovation, research excellence, internationalization, and world-class universities. However, such ambitions cannot succeed without stable academic staffing. Great universities are not built merely through infrastructure projects or policy documents. They are built through strong faculty communities, intellectual freedom, research culture, and long-term academic commitment.
The overuse of temporary faculty also affects institutional culture. Permanent educators usually contribute to curriculum development, mentoring systems, academic governance, student societies, and long-term institutional planning. Temporary faculty members, despite their capability, are often treated as replaceable workers rather than integral parts of the academic ecosystem. This weakens collective academic identity and reduces institutional continuity.
The issue is not that temporary faculty lack competence. In fact, many contractual teachers are highly qualified, hardworking, and deeply committed to teaching. The real problem lies in the system that depends on them permanently while refusing to provide dignity, security, and professional growth. An education system cannot demand excellence while offering insecurity.
India urgently needs structural reforms in faculty recruitment and academic employment. Vacant teaching posts must be filled transparently and quickly. Recruitment processes should become merit-based, efficient, and free from unnecessary delays. Institutions must invest not only in infrastructure but also in human capital. Research support, fair salaries, career advancement opportunities, and academic autonomy are essential for attracting talented educators.
Most importantly, policymakers must recognize a simple truth: universities are not built by buildings alone. They are built by teachers. Laboratories, rankings, campuses, and reforms have little meaning if classrooms lack stable and motivated faculty. If India continues normalizing temporary academic labor, the long-term damage to educational quality may become irreversible. The real crisis of Indian higher education is not only outdated curricula, weak research, or unemployable graduates. It is the silent collapse of academic stability. A nation that wants world-class universities cannot run its classrooms on uncertainty forever.
(The author is Principal, Guru Gobind Singh College of Management and Technology, Gidderbaha, Punjab. The views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this article are those of the author and aren’t necessarily in accord with the views of “Kashmir Horizon”)

uppalmlt@gmail.com

“The dialogue between secularism and Islamic theology centers on human nature. Secular views emphasize historical-cultural conditioning, while Islamic thought argues these influences act upon fiṭrah—a divinely created spiritual disposition. Lacking empirical consensus, the framework of fiṭrah effectively bridges humanity’s universal spiritual potential with its diverse historical experiences.”

Classical Muslim scholars offered nuanced interpretations of fiṭrah. Abu Hamid al-Ghazali understood fiṭrah as the natural capacity to recognize God once the obstacles of ignorance, passion, and imitation are removed. In his view, revelation does not implant entirely new knowledge but awakens truths already accessible to the purified human soul. Similarly, Ibn Taymiyyah argued that knowledge of God possesses both rational and innate foundations. According to him, every human being possesses an original awareness of the Creator, although this awareness may become obscured by inherited customs, philosophical speculation, or moral corruption. Ibn al-Qayyim further explained that revelation serves as a reminder that restores the human being to his or her original nature rather than imposing an external reality upon it. These interpretations collectively demonstrate that Islamic theology recognizes environmental influences while refusing to reduce religion to mere social construction.
A common objection raised by critics is that if tawḥīd were truly innate, humanity would not display such remarkable religious diversity. Islam addresses this objection by distinguishing between innate disposition and conscious belief. The fiṭrah provides an orientation toward transcendence and truth, but its expression depends upon numerous factors, including education, intellectual reflection, moral choices, and historical circumstances. The existence of multiple languages does not negate humanity’s universal capacity for language; similarly, diversity in religious expression does not necessarily negate the existence of an underlying spiritual disposition. Rather, Islam understands revelation as providing the guidance necessary to preserve and correctly direct this innate inclination.
This distinction also explains the role of prophethood. Critics sometimes argue that if belief in one God were truly natural, prophets would have been unnecessary. However, this criticism assumes that innate disposition is equivalent to complete knowledge. Human beings possess innate intellectual capacities, yet they still require teachers to develop mathematics, science, literature, and philosophy. Likewise, moral conscience requires education and refinement. The Qur’an consistently presents the prophets not as creators of human nature but as educators, reformers, and reminders who restore humanity to its original covenant with God. As the Qur’an states: “We certainly sent among every nation a messenger, saying, ‘Worship Allah and avoid false deities'” (Qur’an 16:36). Prophetic missions therefore represent the completion and clarification of fiṭrah, not its replacement.
The debate concerning tawḥīd inevitably leads to the Islamic understanding of shirk. Linguistically, shirk means associating partners with Allah. Theologically, it refers to attributing divine qualities, authority, or worship to anything besides God. The Qur’an repeatedly describes tawḥīd as the foundation of all prophetic teachings and identifies shirk as humanity’s gravest theological error because it distorts the relationship between the Creator and creation. Nevertheless, Islamic scholarship has consistently emphasized that Qur’anic discussions of shirk must be understood within their broader theological, historical, and legal contexts. Verses revealed concerning the pagan Arabs addressed specific religious communities engaged in active opposition to the prophetic message and cannot be interpreted in isolation from the Qur’an’s broader ethical emphasis on justice, mercy, wisdom, and dialogue.
One issue frequently raised in modern discussions concerns the Qur’anic description of certain polytheists as “impure” (Qur’an 9:28). Some critics interpret this as evidence that religious categories are socially constructed and morally exclusionary. Classical exegetes, however, generally understood this description primarily in a spiritual and legal sense rather than as an assertion of physical inferiority. Scholars such as Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur emphasized the historical circumstances surrounding the verse and argued that its legal application was connected to safeguarding the sanctity of the Sacred Mosque following the establishment of the Muslim community in Arabia. Contemporary scholarship likewise stresses the importance of contextual interpretation rather than reading isolated verses independently of the Qur’an’s overall objectives (maqāṣid).
Modern philosophy also raises important questions regarding moral relativism. If all values are socially constructed, can any ethical judgment claim objective validity? Radical relativism appears to undermine its own position because the assertion that “all truth is socially constructed” would itself be merely another social construction rather than a universally valid statement. Furthermore, contemporary human rights discourse presupposes universal principles of justice, dignity, equality, and freedom that transcend individual cultures. Philosophers such as Martha Nussbaum and Alasdair MacIntyre have therefore argued that some conception of shared human capacities remains indispensable for ethical reasoning. Islamic ethics similarly distinguishes between universal moral principles—such as justice (ʿadl), compassion (raḥmah), honesty (ṣidq), and trustworthiness (amānah)—and culturally variable customs (ʿurf), thereby acknowledging both universality and diversity.
Recent developments in cognitive science have also complicated earlier reductionist explanations of religion. Research conducted by Justin Barrett, Paul Bloom, Deborah Kelemen, and others indicates that children naturally exhibit teleological reasoning, infer agency behind complex phenomena, and distinguish between physical and mental realities from an early age. Although these findings cannot establish the truth of any religious doctrine, they challenge the assumption that belief in God is entirely imposed by culture. Instead, they suggest that the human mind possesses cognitive tendencies that make religious belief psychologically intuitive. Interestingly, these findings resonate with the Islamic concept of fiṭrah, although the theological interpretation remains a matter of faith rather than empirical science.
At the same time, Islamic scholarship recognizes the importance of reason (ʿaql) alongside revelation. The Qur’an repeatedly invites humanity to reflect, observe nature, and employ rational inquiry. Belief in God is not presented as blind imitation but as a conclusion supported by reflection upon creation, conscience, and revelation. Consequently, Islam neither embraces fideism nor rejects empirical investigation. Rather, it integrates reason, revelation, and innate disposition into a comprehensive understanding of the human person.
The continuing debate over human nature demonstrates that neither strict essentialism nor radical social constructivism adequately explains the complexity of human existence. Human beings are simultaneously biological, psychological, rational, social, cultural, and spiritual creatures. Social environments undoubtedly shape language, customs, and religious identities, yet this does not necessarily eliminate the possibility of shared cognitive, moral, or spiritual dispositions. Likewise, acknowledging fiṭrah does not require denying the profound influence of education, historical circumstances, and personal freedom. The Islamic understanding therefore offers a balanced anthropology in which innate potential and social formation interact dynamically rather than standing in opposition.
In conclusion, the discussion surrounding human nature, tawḥīd, and shirk remains central to contemporary philosophy of religion and Islamic thought. Modern secular perspectives rightly emphasize the importance of historical and cultural contexts in shaping human beliefs, while Islamic theology insists that these influences operate upon a deeper, divinely created human disposition. Current evidence from philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and cognitive science does not decisively resolve this debate; instead, it demonstrates the complexity of the relationship between nature and nurture, reason and revelation, culture and faith. The Islamic doctrine of fiṭrah offers a coherent framework that integrates these dimensions by affirming both the universality of humanity’s spiritual potential and the diversity of historical experience. Whether approached from theology, philosophy, or the social sciences, the dialogue between these perspectives continues to enrich our understanding of religion, morality, and the enduring human search for truth.
(The author a veteran academician is a former Professor and Head Department of Islamic Studies, Kashmir University. The views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this article are those of the author and aren’t necessarily in accord with the views of “Kashmir Horizon”)
hamidnaseem@gmail.com

The Valley’s fragile environment deserves sustainable advertising, not another source of pollution. Srinagar has long been celebrated for its breathtaking landscapes, tree-lined boulevards, sparkling lakes and rich cultural heritage. Yet, beneath this beauty, the city is quietly grappling with a growing environmental nuisance that often escapes public attention—the unchecked proliferation of plastic flex banners, vinyl billboards and PVC-based advertising hoardings. These colourful displays may serve commercial and political interests for a few weeks, but they leave behind an environmental footprint that lasts for decades. From Residency Road to Boulevard, Hyderpora to Bemina, and from government offices to commercial markets, plastic billboards dominate the city’s skyline. Political campaigns, coaching centres, retail outlets, real estate firms, private institutions and event organisers increasingly rely on plastic flex material because it is cheap, durable and weather-resistant. Unfortunately, these very qualities make it one of the most environmentally harmful forms of advertising. Unlike paper or cloth, flex banners are manufactured using polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a plastic material that is difficult to recycle and takes hundreds of years to decompose. Once damaged by wind, rain or snowfall, these banners are often discarded in open spaces, dumped into municipal waste or burned in the open. Both practices carry severe environmental consequences. Open burning releases toxic chemicals, including dioxins and furans, while discarded plastic eventually finds its way into drains, wetlands and water bodies, contributing to pollution and flooding. For Srinagar, this problem is particularly alarming. The city is home to ecologically sensitive wetlands, streams and lakes, including the iconic Dal Lake and Nigeen Lake. Plastic waste from torn banners and damaged hoardings often clogs drainage channels and reaches these fragile ecosystems, threatening aquatic life and adding to the already daunting challenge of solid waste management. Every monsoon, blocked drains worsen urban flooding, and non-biodegradable plastic waste remains a major contributor. The visual impact is equally concerning. Plastic hoardings hanging from electric poles, bridges, road dividers and public buildings diminish the city’s aesthetic appeal. Srinagar aspires to become a world-class tourist destination, yet visitors are increasingly greeted by faded, torn and weather-beaten banners that project neglect rather than natural beauty. A city known as the “Paradise on Earth” deserves streetscapes that reflect its environmental and cultural identity. What makes the situation more disappointing is that sustainable alternatives already exist. Across several Indian cities, municipal authorities have begun promoting biodegradable materials such as cloth, canvas and recyclable paper for temporary advertisements. Digital display boards are also replacing conventional hoardings in many urban centres, reducing physical waste while allowing more efficient use of advertising space. Srinagar can learn from these examples without compromising commercial interests. The responsibility rests not only with advertisers but also with civic authorities.

“Srinagar stands at a crossroads: to protect Kashmir’s iconic landscape and lead as a model green city, it must banish plastic flex billboards and embrace sustainable advertising. Environmental resilience demands more than banning single-use bags—it requires replacing commercial plastic waste with eco-friendly alternatives.”

The Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC), Srinagar Smart City Limited, the Urban Local Bodies Department and other regulatory agencies must formulate and strictly enforce comprehensive guidelines governing outdoor advertisements. Permissions should be linked to environmentally friendly materials, while plastic flex banners should be phased out through a clearly defined timeline. Equally important is accountability. Every organisation installing banners should be responsible for removing them within a specified period after the event or campaign concludes. Security deposits linked to waste collection could ensure compliance, while substantial penalties should be imposed on those abandoning plastic waste in public spaces. Such measures would significantly reduce littering and improve urban cleanliness. Businesses, educational institutions and political parties must also recognise that environmental responsibility enhances, rather than diminishes, their public image. Choosing eco-friendly advertising materials sends a powerful message that development and sustainability can go hand in hand. Consumers today increasingly appreciate organisations that demonstrate environmental consciousness. Public participation will be crucial. Citizens should discourage unnecessary banner culture and support campaigns promoting cleaner alternatives. Schools, colleges and civil society organisations can play a vital role in raising awareness about the environmental hazards posed by PVC flex materials. As Jammu and Kashmir places increasing emphasis on sustainable tourism, climate resilience and urban development, allowing plastic billboards to continue proliferating sends the wrong signal. Environmental protection cannot remain confined to banning single-use plastic carry bags while ignoring another major source of plastic pollution visible across every major road and marketplace. Srinagar stands at an important crossroads. It can either continue to tolerate a mounting plastic waste problem or emerge as a model green city that balances commercial activity with ecological responsibility. Phasing out plastic billboards and replacing them with sustainable alternatives is a practical, achievable and necessary step. Protecting Kashmir’s natural beauty demands more than admiration—it requires decisive action. The time has come to end the era of plastic flex advertising and allow Srinagar’s landscape, rather than plastic waste, to define its identity.

Mohammad Irfan

This week Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s address to the Indian diaspora in Melbourne this week was far more than a community outreach event. While the enthusiastic audience responded loudly when he referred to Operation Sindoor and India’s strikes on terrorist infrastructure, the broader significance of the visit lay in the strategic messaging that accompanied it. The visit marked the convergence of three major themes that increasingly define India’s global outlook: the projection of military capability against terrorism, the expansion of economic partnerships with trusted democracies, and the strengthening of security cooperation in an increasingly contested Indo-Pacific region. Together, PM Modi’s remarks, the India-Australia energy agreements and the comprehensive defence declaration suggest that New Delhi is steadily moving from being a balancing power to becoming one of the principal architects of regional security.

Op Sindoor As Strategic Messaging: Perhaps the most politically resonant moment came when Prime Minister Modi referred to Operation Sindoor before the Indian community. “The world is witnessing the capability and credibility of India’s defence platforms,” he said, adding that the explosions at terrorist bases “were heard across the world.” The statement served multiple purposes. Domestically, it reinforced the government’s narrative that India possesses both the political resolve and military capability to respond decisively against terrorism. Internationally, the remarks sought to communicate that India’s indigenous military capabilities are no longer experimental but operationally proven. Unlike previous military responses, Operation Sindoor has increasingly been projected not merely as retaliation against terrorism but as evidence of India’s technological maturity in precision warfare, surveillance, missile systems and integrated military planning. The emphasis on the “credibility of defence platforms” is especially significant. Rather than highlighting only the armed forces, Modi focused attention on India’s defence manufacturing ecosystem—a sector that has witnessed unprecedented government investment under the Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India initiatives. This messaging aligns with New Delhi’s broader ambition of transforming India from one of the world’s largest arms importers into a major defence producer and exporter.

Defence Manufacturing Enters A New Phase: For decades India remained heavily dependent on imported military hardware. However, recent years have witnessed a gradual but significant transformation. India now manufactures advanced artillery systems, missiles, drones, naval platforms, electronic warfare systems and increasingly sophisticated surveillance equipment. Operation Sindoor appears to have become a showcase for this evolving ecosystem. By describing the operation as a “demo,” Modi effectively suggested that India’s indigenous technologies have now crossed the threshold from development to battlefield validation. For potential defence partners, operational credibility often matters more than technical specifications. Countries seeking reliable and affordable defence equipment increasingly evaluate platforms based on combat performance. India hopes this credibility will strengthen its position in global defence exports, particularly across Asia, Africa and the Middle East.

India-Australia Relations Have Matured Beyond Trade: While diaspora events often dominate headlines, the substantive outcomes of Modi’s Australia visit reveal how dramatically bilateral relations have evolved. Only a decade ago, India-Australia ties were largely centred around education, cricket and mineral trade. Today the relationship spans defence, maritime security, cyber cooperation, energy security, critical minerals, emerging technologies and supply-chain resilience. The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, launched in 2020, has transformed the relationship into one of Australia’s fastest-growing strategic partnerships. The latest agreements indicate that both countries increasingly view each other not merely as economic partners but as indispensable security partners in the Indo-Pacific.

Energy Security Takes Centre Stage: One of the most important dimensions of the visit concerns energy cooperation. Global conflicts—from the Russia-Ukraine war to tensions in the Middle East—have exposed vulnerabilities in international energy supply chains. Australia and India have therefore agreed to deepen cooperation across the entire energy value chain. Australia already serves as a significant supplier of liquefied natural gas and critical minerals. India, meanwhile, exports refined petroleum products and downstream fuels. The agreement seeks to ensure stable and uninterrupted energy flows despite global geopolitical disruptions. Equally important is the emphasis on diversification. Both countries recognise that future energy security will depend not only on fossil fuels but also on renewable energy, hydrogen, biofuels, battery technologies and critical minerals such as lithium and rare earth elements. Australia possesses vast reserves of these resources, while India represents one of the world’s fastest-growing clean-energy markets. This creates natural economic complementarity.

Nuclear Cooperation Reflects Growing Trust: Another notable development is the operationalisation of Australia’s uranium exports to India under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards. The Australia-India Nuclear Cooperation Agreement was signed years ago, but administrative arrangements have now been finalised. The significance extends beyond uranium itself. Australia traditionally maintained strict nuclear export policies. Its willingness to deepen civilian nuclear cooperation with India reflects growing confidence in India’s non-proliferation record despite its status outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. For India, expanding access to nuclear fuel strengthens long-term energy diversification.

The Indo-Pacific Is The Real Strategic Theatre: The most consequential outcome of the visit may ultimately prove to be the Joint Declaration on Defence and Security Cooperation. The declaration reflects the rapidly changing geopolitical environment. Increasing strategic competition, maritime disputes, cyber threats, supply-chain disruptions and concerns regarding regional coercion have prompted middle powers to enhance security cooperation. India and Australia now appear determined to elevate defence cooperation to an unprecedented level. The declaration outlines cooperation across multiple domains:

• Greater interoperability between armed forces.
• Expanded military exercises.
• Increased maritime cooperation.
• Enhanced information sharing.
• Joint defence research.
• Defence industry collaboration.
• Cyber security.
• Counter-terrorism.
• Humanitarian assistance And disaster relief.
• Critical technologies.

Collectively, these initiatives point towards a more integrated strategic partnership.

Maritime Security Is Emerging As The Core: The Indian Ocean has become one of the world’s most strategically contested maritime regions. Nearly two-thirds of global oil shipments and a substantial proportion of international trade pass through the Indo-Pacific. Any disruption could have enormous economic consequences. Recognising this, India and Australia have committed themselves to developing an India-Australia Maritime Security Collaboration Roadmap. This includes enhanced naval cooperation, information sharing and greater maritime domain awareness. Both countries support freedom of navigation under international law and adherence to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Although neither country explicitly identifies China in the declaration, many analysts interpret the emphasis on maritime rules and regional stability within the broader context of growing Chinese naval activity across the Indo-Pacific.

Quad Gains Further Momentum: The visit also reinforces the growing importance of the Quad, comprising India, Australia, Japan and the United States. Originally viewed as a consultative grouping, the Quad has steadily evolved into a practical platform addressing maritime security, infrastructure, cyber resilience, disaster response, critical technologies and supply-chain security. The India-Australia declaration specifically commits both countries to expanding cooperation with Japan and the United States. Rather than functioning as a military alliance, the Quad increasingly represents a coalition of democracies seeking to uphold an open regional order without formal treaty obligations.

Counter-Terrorism Cooperation Deepens: One of the most notable aspects of the declaration concerns counter-terrorism. India and Australia agreed to expand intelligence sharing regarding terrorist organisations, financing networks, online radicalisation and emerging technologies. The emphasis reflects changing patterns of terrorism. Threats increasingly involve encrypted communication platforms, digital financing, drones and cyber capabilities. Traditional intelligence mechanisms alone are no longer sufficient. Enhanced information sharing between trusted partners has therefore become essential. For India, international recognition of terrorism-related concerns also strengthens its diplomatic efforts to build broader global consensus against cross-border terrorism.

“For India, partnerships with technologically advanced democracies complement domestic initiatives aimed at building indigenous technological capabilities.Beyonddefence and economics, Modi emphasised India’s humanitarian role..”

Supply Chains Replace Globalisation: Another recurring theme is supply-chain resilience. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent geopolitical crises demonstrated the risks associated with excessive dependence on single-country manufacturing. India and Australia now seek to diversify production networks across trusted partners. Critical minerals represent a particularly important area. Australia possesses abundant reserves of lithium, cobalt and rare earth elements essential for batteries, electric vehicles and advanced electronics. India offers manufacturing capacity, engineering talent and a large consumer market. Together, they could reduce dependence on concentrated global supply chains.

Technology Partnership Expands: Emerging technologies occupy an increasingly central place in bilateral relations. The declaration covers cyber security, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, telecommunications and critical digital infrastructure. These sectors are becoming central to both economic competitiveness and national security. The Australia-India Partnership on Cyber, Critical Technologies and Supply Chains (PACTS) provides a framework for collaboration. For India, partnerships with technologically advanced democracies complement domestic initiatives aimed at building indigenous technological capabilities.

Humanitarian Diplomacy Strengthens India’s Image: Beyond defence and economics, Modi emphasised India’s humanitarian role. He highlighted relief efforts in Venezuela, Türkiye, Syria, Myanmar and Sri Lanka, arguing that India extends assistance irrespective of nationality. This reflects India’s growing use of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief as an instrument of foreign policy. Rapid deployment of relief teams, naval assets and medical assistance enhances India’s image as a responsible regional power. Such missions also strengthen defence diplomacy by allowing military forces to operate alongside civilian agencies in non-combat environments.

The Diaspora As Strategic Capital: The Melbourne event also underscored the growing importance of the Indian diaspora in Australia’s domestic and bilateral landscape. People-to-people ties increasingly underpin the broader strategic relationship. Indian students, professionals, entrepreneurs and researchers contribute significantly to Australia’s economy while serving as natural bridges between the two countries. Political leaders in both countries increasingly recognise this community as an important pillar of bilateral engagement.

Kashmir Horizon View: Taken together, PM Modi’s remarks on Operation Sindoor, the expanding defence relationship with Australia, enhanced energy cooperation and deeper Indo-Pacific coordination point towards a broader transformation in India’s foreign policy. India is no longer content with being viewed merely as a large developing economy or an emerging market. Instead, it seeks recognition as a security provider, technology partner, defence manufacturer, humanitarian responder and stabilising power in the Indo-Pacific. Operation Sindoor, in this context, becomes more than a military operation. It becomes a symbol of India’s evolving strategic doctrine—one that combines military preparedness with indigenous technological capability, economic resilience with trusted partnerships, and national security with regional stability. For Australia, closer ties with India provide greater strategic balance in an increasingly uncertain Indo-Pacific. For India, Australia offers access to energy resources, critical minerals, advanced technologies and a like-minded democratic partner committed to preserving a rules-based regional order. The Melbourne visit therefore represents far more than a successful diaspora engagement. It reflects the consolidation of a strategic partnership that is likely to play an increasingly influential role in shaping the geopolitical and economic architecture of the Indo-Pacific in the coming decades.

(“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)

Mohammad Irfan

Amarnath Yatra has always been one of India’s most significant spiritual pilgrimages, drawing lakhs of devotees to the Himalayan cave shrine nestled over 3,800 metres above sea level. But in 2026, the pilgrimage is telling a much larger story than one of faith alone. Crossing the landmark of two lakh pilgrims within just eight days, the Yatra has emerged as a barometer of Jammu and Kashmir’s changing realities. It reflects improving security conditions, stronger administrative coordination, renewed public confidence, expanding tourism and a local economy increasingly intertwined with religious travel. For years, the Yatra was viewed largely through the lens of security. Terror threats, weather disruptions and logistical challenges dominated national headlines. Today, while security remains central, the conversation has expanded to include infrastructure, healthcare, digital governance, sanitation, economic opportunities and the aspirations of a region seeking lasting stability. The remarkable turnout this year is not merely a statistical achievement. It is a reflection of multiple transformations taking place simultaneously across Jammu and Kashmir.

Amarnath Yatra| More Than A Pilgrimage: The Amarnath Yatra occupies a unique place in India’s religious landscape. Unlike conventional temple pilgrimages, reaching the holy cave demands physical endurance, meticulous planning and coordination among dozens of government departments. Pilgrims travel through some of the world’s most challenging mountainous terrain, where weather conditions can change within minutes and altitude poses serious health risks. Managing such a pilgrimage requires one of the country’s most complex seasonal administrative exercises. Every year thousands of personnel—from police, Army, CRPF, disaster response teams, health workers and civil administration to volunteers and langar organisations—work in unison to ensure the journey remains safe. The 2026 Yatra demonstrates how significantly this management system has evolved.

Crossing Two Lakh Pilgrims In Eight Days: The crossing of the two-lakh mark within eight days carries symbolic as well as practical significance. It suggests that public confidence in the pilgrimage has strengthened considerably despite persistent security concerns. Historically, terrorist attacks targeting pilgrims created periods of uncertainty. This year’s turnout indicates that robust security arrangements, improved logistics and better public communication have collectively restored confidence among devotees from across the country. For policymakers, high participation also validates investments made in infrastructure and institutional preparedness over recent years.

A Test Of Governance: Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha has repeatedly emphasised that no pilgrim should face inconvenience—from registration to darshan. This reflects an important shift in governance philosophy. Success is no longer measured only by preventing security incidents. Instead, authorities increasingly assess performance through service delivery, pilgrim satisfaction, healthcare access, sanitation, accommodation and transportation. During his visits to Pantha Chowk Transit Camp and Baltal Base Camp, the Lieutenant Governor reviewed arrangements ranging from water supply and electricity to firefighting systems, medical facilities and sanitation. Such comprehensive reviews demonstrate how governance during the Yatra now resembles the management of a temporary city rather than a seasonal religious event.

Security Remains The Backbone: Despite improved conditions, security continues to underpin every aspect of the pilgrimage. The annual Yatra remains among India’s most heavily secured civilian events. Thousands of security personnel are deployed across multiple layers that include highway protection, convoy management, surveillance systems, drone monitoring, checkpoints and mountain domination. This year has witnessed an expanded use of technology including CCTV surveillance, drone monitoring and real-time communication networks. These technological interventions allow security agencies to respond more rapidly to potential threats while reducing inconvenience for pilgrims.  Equally significant is the close coordination among Jammu and Kashmir Police, the Army, CRPF, intelligence agencies and civil administration. The success of the Yatra increasingly depends not on isolated efforts but on integrated command structures.

Healthcare Moves To The Forefront: Healthcare has emerged as one of the defining features of the 2026 Yatra. The operationalisation of fully equipped 100-bed hospitals at Baltal and Chandanwari reflects a substantial enhancement of medical preparedness. With over 1,300 outpatient consultations being handled daily, these hospitals are not merely emergency facilities but comprehensive healthcare centres capable of addressing altitude sickness, dehydration, respiratory complications and trauma. Quick medical intervention significantly reduces risks associated with high-altitude pilgrimage. The presence of specialised healthcare teams also enhances pilgrims’ confidence.

Digital Governance Is Changing The Experience: The Yatra is increasingly becoming a case study in digital public administration. Registration systems, online monitoring, feedback mechanisms and real-time information dissemination have transformed how the pilgrimage is managed. Officials have also introduced immediate grievance redressal mechanisms to address issues raised by devotees. Such systems improve transparency while enabling administrators to respond quickly to emerging challenges. However, authorities have also taken a strict approach towards fraudulent registrations, recognising that misuse of digital systems can compromise both security and pilgrim welfare.

Amarnath Yatra The Economic Lifeline For Kashmir: Perhaps the most visible impact of the Yatra is economic. For thousands of families across Jammu and Kashmir, the annual pilgrimage represents one of the most important seasonal sources of income. Transport operators, pony owners, porters, tent operators, shopkeepers, hoteliers, taxi drivers, artisans, restaurants and local vendors all benefit from increased pilgrim arrivals. The Lieutenant Governor rightly observed that the surge in pilgrim numbers provides fresh momentum to tourism and the local economy. Unlike conventional tourism concentrated in specific destinations, the Yatra generates economic activity across an extensive geographical corridor stretching from Jammu to the Himalayan shrine.

Beyond Tourism| A Rural Economy Boost: The benefits extend well beyond urban centres. Many villages located along the Yatra routes witness temporary economic transformation during the pilgrimage season. Local youth find employment as guides, labourers and service providers. Women’s self-help groups increasingly supply food products and locally made items. Temporary markets emerge to cater to pilgrims’ daily needs. This seasonal economic activity supports rural livelihoods that otherwise remain limited by geography and climate.

Handicrafts Find New Markets: Lieutenant Governor Sinha’s appeal encouraging pilgrims to purchase local handicrafts highlights another important dimension. Jammu and Kashmir’s traditional crafts—including Pashmina, papier-mâché, walnut wood carving and handloom products—often struggle to access national markets. Millions of pilgrims passing through the region create an enormous opportunity for artisans. If effectively linked with initiatives like One District One Product (ODOP), the Yatra can become an important marketing platform for traditional industries. Faith tourism thus becomes an instrument for cultural preservation and rural development.

“Managing waste generated by lakhs of pilgrims in ecologically fragile Himalayan regions remains a major challenge.The administration has significantly expanded sanitation infrastructure this year…”

Cleanliness As A Governance Priority: Environmental sustainability has become increasingly important. Managing waste generated by lakhs of pilgrims in ecologically fragile Himalayan regions remains a major challenge. The administration has significantly expanded sanitation infrastructure this year. Dedicated sanitation workers, waste collection mechanisms and improved water supply systems have become integral to Yatra management. The Lieutenant Governor’s emphasis on cleanliness reflects growing recognition that environmental conservation must accompany religious tourism. Protecting glaciers, forests and water resources remains essential for preserving the pilgrimage itself.

Water Management Improves: The installation of additional RO water facilities along the pilgrimage routes represents another notable improvement. Access to safe drinking water is essential given the physical demands placed upon pilgrims. Dehydration remains among the leading causes of medical complications during high-altitude travel. Expanding drinking water infrastructure therefore directly contributes to public health.

Zero Tolerance Towards Exploitation: Another striking feature of this year’s administration is its strict stance against overcharging and fraudulent practices. Authorities have directed immediate legal action against anyone exploiting pilgrims, regardless of institutional affiliation. Such measures seek to improve public trust while protecting the reputation of the pilgrimage. Transparent pricing, regulated services and accountability remain essential for sustaining growing pilgrim confidence. Security and Tourism Are No Longer Opposing Narratives Historically, discussions around Kashmir often presented security and tourism as competing realities. The 2026 Yatra demonstrates that both can coexist. Robust security enables tourism. Successful tourism reinforces public confidence. Economic opportunities create incentives for peace and stability. This virtuous cycle has gradually become visible across several sectors in Jammu and Kashmir. The pilgrimage exemplifies how improved governance can simultaneously enhance security and economic development.

Community Participation Matters: One of the most remarkable aspects of the Yatra remains the participation of local communities. Residents provide accommodation, transportation, food services and logistical support. Thousands of volunteers operate community kitchens serving free meals. Healthcare workers, sanitation staff and emergency responders collectively sustain the enormous logistical operation. Such collaboration strengthens social cohesion while reinforcing Kashmir’s long tradition of hospitality.

Technology Meets Tradition: The Yatra represents an interesting convergence of ancient spirituality and modern technology. Pilgrims walking centuries-old routes now benefit from GPS-enabled monitoring, drones, digital registration, surveillance systems and mobile connectivity. Technology has not replaced tradition. Instead, it has made traditional pilgrimage safer, more efficient and more accessible.

Building Institutional Capacity: Each successful Yatra strengthens institutional learning. Government departments accumulate valuable experience in crowd management, emergency response, disaster preparedness and inter-agency coordination. These capabilities often extend beyond the pilgrimage itself. Lessons learned during Yatra management improve broader governance capacities relevant to tourism, disaster response and public administration across Jammu and Kashmir.

A National Integration Exercise: Beyond economics and administration, the Shri Amarnath Ji Yatra continues to serve as one of India’s largest exercises in national integration. Pilgrims arrive from every state, language and social background. The journey creates interaction among people who might otherwise never visit Jammu and Kashmir. Such experiences challenge stereotypes while strengthening emotional connections between Kashmir and the rest of India. The pilgrimage therefore possesses significance that extends beyond religion.

Looking Ahead: If current trends continue, the Amarnath Yatra may increasingly become one of India’s foremost examples of integrated governance. The combination of advanced security systems, digital administration, improved healthcare, environmental management and economic development offers valuable lessons for managing other large-scale pilgrimages across the country. Continued investments in infrastructure and public services could further enhance both pilgrim experience and regional development.

Kashmir Horizon View: The 2026 Amarnath Yatra is, in many ways, a reflection of a changing Jammu and Kashmir. Its success rests not merely on the devotion of pilgrims but on the coordinated efforts of the administration, the Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board, police, Army, healthcare workers, sanitation staff, volunteers, local residents and countless service providers working behind the scenes. The crossing of two lakh pilgrims within eight days is therefore more than a numerical milestone. It represents growing confidence in the region’s administrative capacity, security environment and tourism potential. As faith continues to draw devotees to the sacred cave of Baba Barfani, the Yatra is simultaneously becoming a powerful engine of economic revival, institutional innovation and social cohesion. In doing so, it offers a compelling narrative of how spirituality, governance and development can reinforce one another, making the annual pilgrimage not only a sacred journey for millions of devotees but also a symbol of an aspirational, resilient and evolving Jammu and Kashmir.

 (“Team Kashmir Horizon” is committed to continuous improvement and invites feedback and suggestions from readers and its followers on social media sites. Reader insights are considered vital for enhancing content quality and empowering the community. The team encourages open communication and values the thoughts and ideas of its audience, believing that such input will enable them to serve the public more effectively. The initiative aims to ensure that readers have the best possible experience with “Kashmir Horizon”. Interested individuals can reach out to us via email at editor@thekashmirhorizon.com.)

Shafqat Bukhari

The relocation of major government offices from the heart of Srinagar to the city’s outskirts is being presented as a step towards administrative modernization. The new High Court complex on the outskirts, the relocation of the Batamaloo bus stand to Parimpora, and the movement of several government departments from the Old Secretariat to new campuses all reflect this changing approach. Modern infrastructure is undoubtedly necessary. Government offices require larger spaces, better security, improved parking and modern facilities. But a fundamental question remains unanswered: Is Srinagar’s Master Plan keeping pace with these decisions, or are institutions simply being shifted without a comprehensive urban vision? A city does not become modern merely by constructing new buildings. It becomes modern when every relocation forms part of a larger strategy for transport, land use, heritage conservation, economic activity and public accessibility. Unfortunately, Srinagar increasingly appears to be witnessing isolated decisions rather than integrated planning. Take the Batamaloo bus stand. While the relocation to Parimpora eased congestion in one area, the old bus stand continues to lack a clearly defined redevelopment roadmap. Years later, citizens are still waiting to understand how this valuable public land will be utilized. The same uncertainty now surrounds other major institutions. As the High Court prepares to move into its new complex, and more departments shift from the Old Secretariat and other city-centre buildings, there has been little public discussion about the future of the premises being vacated. These are not ordinary buildings. Many occupy prime locations and carry historical, administrative and architectural significance. Leaving them vacant or underutilized would amount to poor asset management. This is where the Master Plan should have provided answers. A comprehensive urban development plan should clearly identify the future use of every major public property likely to be vacated. Will these buildings become museums, libraries, cultural centres, administrative museums, public service hubs or innovation centres? Or will they slowly deteriorate while authorities focus exclusively on new construction elsewhere? Silence on these questions reflects a planning gap. Equally important is the impact on Srinagar’s traditional commercial districts. Government offices are economic anchors. Every day, thousands of employees and visitors support local restaurants, stationery shops, transport operators, banks, photocopy centres and small businesses. Relocating institutions without parallel redevelopment strategies risks weakening long-established neighbourhood economies while creating fresh infrastructure pressure on the outskirts. Urban planning cannot simply transfer activity from one part of the city to another. It must ensure balanced growth.

“Srinagar’s urban planners must pair every announcement of a new government complex with a clear reuse plan for the vacated property. To prevent historic public institutions from falling into neglect while new infrastructure expands to the outskirts, the city’s Master Plan must evolve into a roadmap for urban transformation. Ultimately, genuine development is measured not just by new construction, but by how effectively existing public assets are preserved, repurposed, and integrated into the city’s future.”

Accessibility also deserves serious attention. While larger campuses may improve administrative efficiency, public offices exist primarily to serve citizens. Elderly people, students, lawyers, business owners and residents from downtown Srinagar should not face greater inconvenience because government institutions have moved farther away. Efficient public transport, wider roads, adequate parking and seamless digital services should precede—not follow—major relocations. There is another concern that deserves attention. Srinagar’s Master Plan has often been criticised for failing to adequately protect heritage while accommodating rapid urban expansion. The gradual migration of public institutions from historic precincts could further reduce the civic relevance of the old city unless supported by a well-defined regeneration strategy. Many cities across the world have demonstrated that historic administrative buildings can successfully be adapted into museums, archives, libraries, convention centres, universities and cultural institutions. Such adaptive reuse not only preserves heritage but also creates new public spaces and tourism opportunities. Srinagar deserves similar imagination. The Government’s investment in new infrastructure should certainly continue. Modern judicial complexes, integrated administrative campuses and improved public facilities are essential for a growing Union Territory. However, development should not become synonymous with abandoning existing public assets. Every announcement of a new government complex should be accompanied by another announcement explaining the future of the building being vacated. Citizens deserve to know how public property worth hundreds of crores will continue serving public interest. The Master Plan must evolve from being a land-use document into a genuine roadmap for urban transformation. Otherwise, Srinagar risks becoming a city where new government buildings rise on the outskirts while historic public institutions slowly fall into neglect. Development is not measured only by what is built. It is equally measured by what is preserved, repurposed and thoughtfully integrated into the city’s future. That is the test Srinagar’s urban planners must now meet.

editor@thekashmirhorizon.com

“Ameer Ahmad Khan Sahib stands as a pillar of Kashmir’s religious history, shifting from a prestigious government career to decades of selfless leadership in the Tablighi movement. Renouncing worldly power for a lifelong commitment to da’wah (missionary work), his legacy of moral integrity and steadfast faith remains a blueprint for peaceful Islamic revival and a lasting inspiration for generations.”

Organisational Leadership: As the movement expanded throughout Kashmir, Ameer Ahmad Khan gradually assumed increasing responsibilities. He became one of the principal organisers of missionary tours, annual congregations (ijtimās), local consultation meetings (mashwarah), and mosque-based educational programmes. His leadership style remained characterised by consultation, humility, and quiet efficiency rather than personal prominence.
Unlike many organisational leaders, he never sought publicity or recognition. His concern was always the strengthening of local institutions and the spiritual development of workers. He devoted himself to training younger generations, encouraging them to cultivate sincerity, discipline, and good character before assuming positions of responsibility. His organisational skills played an essential role in consolidating the Tablighi Jamaat throughout the Valley, transforming it from a small missionary effort into one of the largest religious movements in Kashmir.
Leadership During Difficult Times: The outbreak of armed conflict in Kashmir around 1990 created unprecedented challenges for religious movements. External missionary groups found it extremely difficult to enter the Valley, and many normal religious activities were severely disrupted. Under these circumstances, the responsibility for sustaining the movement fell largely upon local workers. Ameer Ahmad Khan emerged as one of the principal figures who ensured continuity during this difficult period. He continued travelling throughout Kashmir, encouraging local jama’ats to remain active despite adverse conditions. Mosques continued to function as centres of religious learning and spiritual reform, and missionary work was sustained primarily through the dedication of indigenous workers. His calm leadership during these turbulent years demonstrated remarkable resilience and unwavering faith. Rather than allowing social instability to halt religious work, he strengthened local organisation and inspired confidence among volunteers.
Personal Character, Spiritual Influence: The personality of Ameer Ahmad Khan has earned admiration across different sections of Kashmiri society. He is consistently described as exceptionally humble, disciplined, hospitable, patient, and spiritually devoted. Despite occupying the highest position in the Tablighi Jamaat in Jammu and Kashmir, he has always regarded himself as a servant of Islam rather than a public leader. His humility is reflected in simple but meaningful gestures. He is known to greet young students first, rise to honour ordinary visitors, and treat every individual with dignity and affection. His speeches are marked by simplicity rather than rhetoric, while his personal conduct serves as his most effective form of preaching. His influence extends well beyond the Tablighi Jamaat. Scholars belonging to different schools of Islamic thought hold him in high esteem, and numerous madrasas throughout Kashmir seek his guidance and advice. Throughout his life, he consciously avoided political controversies and preferred cooperation, reconciliation, and mutual respect among various religious organisations. In recognition of his spiritual maturity, he also received authorisation from his spiritual guide to accept disciples through bay’ah. Nevertheless, he remained detached from personal fame and consistently emphasised that all efforts should be directed towards the pleasure of Allah rather than individual recognition.
Legacy, Contribution: The remarkable expansion of the Tablighi Jamaat throughout Kashmir owes much to the sacrifices of pioneers like Ameer Ahmad Khan Sahib. Thousands now participate in missionary tours, educational circles, mosque activities, and annual gatherings across the Valley. Much of this institutional strength rests upon foundations laid by leaders who quietly devoted their entire lives to the service of religion. Ameer Ahmad Khan represents a bridge between the pioneering missionaries from the Markaz at Nizamuddin and the later indigenous leadership that firmly established the movement in Kashmir. His decision to renounce worldly ambitions, his decades of tireless travel, his organisational abilities, and his steadfast commitment to peaceful religious reform have made him one of the most respected figures in contemporary Kashmiri Islamic history. Even in advanced age, he continues to participate actively in missionary work, refusing exemption from long journeys despite repeated suggestions by colleagues. His lifelong example demonstrates that genuine leadership is rooted not in authority or public acclaim but in humility, sacrifice, perseverance, and unwavering faith.
Conclusion : The history of the Tablighi Jamaat in Kashmir is fundamentally a history of peaceful religious renewal. By concentrating on individual moral reform, regular worship, and spiritual education rather than political activism, the movement has profoundly influenced the religious life of the Valley. Its success has depended upon the dedication of selfless workers who devoted their lives to serving Islam with sincerity and humility. Among these pioneers, Ameer Ahmad Khan Sahib occupies an exceptional place. His early association with Maulana Qazi Abdullah, his voluntary renunciation of a prestigious government career, his decades of organisational leadership, and his unwavering commitment to da’wah have made him one of the principal architects of the Tablighi movement in Kashmir. His life continues to inspire scholars, students, and ordinary Muslims alike, demonstrating that enduring influence is achieved not through worldly power but through steadfast faith, moral integrity, and selfless service to the cause of Allah. His contribution constitutes an enduring chapter in the religious history of modern Kashmir and remains a model of peaceful Islamic revival for future generations.
(The author a veteran academician is a former Professor and Head Department of Islamic Studies, Kashmir University. The views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this article are those of the author and aren’t necessarily in accord with the views of “Kashmir Horizon”)
hamidnaseem@gmail.com

Every 11 July, World Population Day invites the world to look beyond headlines about “too many people” or “not enough babies” and ask a more important question: are societies prepared to support the people they already have? The answer, in many places, is uneven. The present global population is approximately 8.3 billion people, according to live trackers and recent demographic data from the worldometer Live Population Clock and the US Census Bureau. The global population has grown to about 8.2 billion in 2024 and is projected by the United Nations to peak in the mid-2080s at around 10.3 billion before slowly declining toward the end of the century. Yet the deeper issue is not population growth alone; it is how governments plan for housing, health care, education, jobs, food systems, and the environment as populations change. World Population Day was established in 1989 by the then-Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme and was first observed on 11 July 1990 in more than 90 countries. Its original purpose remains strikingly relevant: to focus attention on the urgency and importance of population issues and their links to development and the environment. More than three decades later, the day is less about counting people and more about confronting the quality of life that people can actually enjoy.
A Shifting Global Picture: The world’s population is not growing at the same pace everywhere. The United Nations has said that population growth is uneven, with many of the least developed countries facing rapid growth alongside climate vulnerability and development pressures. At the same time, some countries are ageing quickly and must rethink pensions, health systems, and labor markets. The UN has also projected that 68% of the world’s population will live in urban areas by 2050, making urban management one of the defining policy challenges of this century.
UNFPA’s 2025 State of World Population report adds an important correction to the common debate: the central issue is often not that people are choosing to have fewer or more children, but that many cannot realize their reproductive goals because of social, economic, and health barriers. In a UNFPA–YouGov survey across 14 countries representing more than a third of the world’s population, 18% of adults said they expected not to have the number of children they desired. Financial constraints were the leading reason, cited by 39%, while job insecurity and fears about the future also played major roles.
Why Rapid Growth Strains Systems: Population growth becomes a crisis when institutions fail to keep pace. In many developing countries, rising numbers in cities and towns overwhelm infrastructure that was never designed for such speed. Roads clog, schools expand beyond capacity, hospitals become crowded, and water systems are stretched thin. The World Bank’s development data framework tracks these pressures through indicators on poverty, education, health, labor, sanitation, and infrastructure, underscoring how closely population dynamics and development outcomes are linked.
The pattern is familiar in many fast-growing economies: job creation lags behind labor-force growth, low-cost housing falls short of demand, sanitation coverage remains incomplete, and schools struggle with teacher shortages and overcrowding. The result is not merely inconvenience. It is a slower climb out of poverty, weaker social mobility, and a greater divide between those who can afford services and those who cannot. The World Bank’s low-income country profile, for example, shows how poverty, unemployment, limited electricity access, and low access to safely managed sanitation can coexist with rapid demographic pressure.
Education and health are especially important because they shape whether population growth becomes a dividend or a burden. Where girls stay in school longer, women have better access to health services, and families can make informed choices about childbearing, fertility tends to fall gradually and living standards usually improve. Where those systems are weak, growth becomes harder to absorb and easier to mismanage.
Environment Under Pressure: The environmental consequences of poor population management are often visible first in forests, rivers, air, and waste systems. More people mean higher demand for land, energy, water, and food, and when planning is weak, this demand can accelerate deforestation, habitat loss, pollution, and biodiversity decline. The United Nations has linked population growth, environmental degradation, and climate change as interconnected challenges rather than separate problems.
This is not because human beings are inherently destructive, but because concentrated demand can outpace the capacity of ecosystems and public institutions. Expanding settlements can push agriculture deeper into forests. Rising consumption can increase solid waste and plastic pollution. Heavy groundwater extraction can worsen water scarcity. As climate change intensifies droughts, floods, and heat stress, vulnerable populations are hit first and hardest. The UNFPA has noted that rapid population growth in many least developed countries compounds development challenges and climate vulnerability. The lesson is simple: population pressure becomes environmentally damaging when land use, transport, waste management, and resource allocation are badly managed. With better planning, larger populations can also support innovation, cleaner infrastructure, and more efficient use of resources.

“A growing population is a powerful asset rather than a burden if societies actively invest in education, health, skills, and empowerment. Backed by planning, innovation, and fair institutions, population growth transforms numbers into capability and progress, driving creativity, productivity, and national strength.”

Health, poverty, Mobility: Population growth can magnify public-health risks when systems are underfunded. Overcrowded housing, insufficient sanitation, and limited access to reproductive and maternal health services can increase disease burdens and maternal mortality. WHO has emphasized that the health of women and children remains central to population and development outcomes, especially in developing countries. The UN Secretary-General has warned that hundreds of women still die needlessly every day in pregnancy and childbirth, mostly in developing countries. The social effects are equally important. When economies cannot create enough decent work, unemployment and underemployment rise, especially among young people. That can fuel outward migration, overcrowding in secondary cities, or dependence on informal work. Poverty then becomes both a cause and a consequence of weak demographic planning. In this sense, population growth affects quality of life less through sheer numbers than through whether states can provide safety, dignity, and opportunity.
What Works Elsewhere? Some countries have shown that population-related challenges can be managed successfully when policy is consistent and people-centered. The key lesson from these cases is not any single model, but a common pattern: invest early in education, health, gender equality, and family planning; improve women’s access to rights and services; and build institutions that can adapt to demographic change.
UNFPA’s 2025 report argues that governments should avoid coercive or simplistic responses to fertility trends and instead remove the barriers that prevent people from forming the families they want. That means making parenthood more affordable, ensuring access to reproductive health services, supporting paid family leave, and reducing gender inequality in work and care responsibilities. Countries that have advanced most effectively on these fronts tend to have stronger human-capital outcomes, more resilient labor markets, and better long-term social stability.
The broader lesson for developing countries is that demographic pressure can be managed when public policy is coordinated across sectors. Health ministries cannot do it alone. Neither can education systems, urban planners, or environmental agencies working in isolation.
Policy Priorities That Matter: A sustainable population strategy should begin with practical, measurable action.
• Strengthen healthcare systems, especially maternal, child, and reproductive health services.
• Expand access to quality education, with a special focus on girls’ schooling and retention.
• Promote gender equality and women’s economic participation.
• Support responsible family planning through information, choice, and affordability.
• Invest in housing, sanitation, transport, water, and renewable energy infrastructure.
• Build smart cities and towns through land-use planning that anticipates growth.
• Protect forests, water sources, and biodiversity through enforcement and restoration.
• Use evidence-based public policy instead of slogans, panic, or coercion.
These priorities are not separate from population policy; they are the policy. UNFPA’s findings show that people’s fertility decisions are shaped by housing costs, job insecurity, future anxiety, and unequal domestic responsibilities. That means good governance is not abstract. It directly affects whether people can build the families and futures they want.
Shared Responsibility: Governments carry the primary burden, but they are not the only actors. Educational institutions can help by spreading demographic literacy, improving access to science and public-health knowledge, and preparing young people for informed life choices. Civil society organizations can support reproductive rights, community health, and local participation. Communities can challenge harmful norms and support women’s autonomy. Individuals can make responsible decisions about family size, resource use, waste, and civic engagement. In a world where urbanization is rising and population growth is uneven, collaboration matters more than ever. Population policy should therefore be treated as part of a wider development contract: one that links human rights, sustainability, economic opportunity, and resilience.
A Human Resource To Nurture: The conversation about population should move away from fear and toward responsibility. People are not the problem; neglect is. A growing population, properly educated, healthy, skilled, and empowered, is not a burden but a powerful human resource. When backed by planning, innovation, and fair institutions, population becomes a source of creativity, productivity, and national strength. That is the real message of World Population Day. The future will not be shaped by how many people there are alone, but by whether societies choose to invest in people well enough to turn numbers into capability, and capability into progress.
(Mariya Mushtaq is a freelancer and Dr Bilal A Bhat Professor & Head (Agri. Econ & Statistics, FOA at S K University Of Agriculture Sciences & Technology Kashmir SKUAST-K, Srinagar, J&K. The views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this article are those of the authors and aren’t necessarily in accord with the views of “Kashmir Horizon”)

bhat_bilal@rediffmail.com

The annual Amarnath Yatra is far more than a religious pilgrimage; it is one of the world’s most challenging high-altitude logistical and security operations. Situated at an altitude of 3,888 metres (12,756 feet) amid the rugged Himalayas of Kashmir, the sacred cave draws hundreds of thousands of devotees every year. The 2026 Yatra, spanning fifty-seven days from July 3 to August 28, stands as a remarkable example of coordination between security agencies, civil administration, healthcare services, and local communities. At the heart of this enormous undertaking lies the Jammu and Kashmir Police (JKP), whose dedication ensures that faith and safety move hand in hand.
A Comprehensive Security Framework: The successful conduct of the pilgrimage depends upon an extensive and technology-driven security apparatus. Working in close coordination with various security agencies and under the leadership of senior officials, the Jammu and Kashmir Police have established a multi-layered security grid to guarantee a peaceful and incident-free Yatra. Ahead of the pilgrimage, districts along the traditional Pahalgam route, particularly Anantnag, launched extensive verification drives. House-to-house inspections and background checks of service providers—including pony owners, labourers and vendors—were carried out to strengthen security. Only individuals possessing valid identity cards and QR-coded permits were granted access to the pilgrimage routes. Modern surveillance technologies have further enhanced security arrangements. CCTV cameras, drone monitoring and automated tracking systems are actively deployed along both the Baltal route, stretching approximately fourteen kilometres, and the traditional Pahalgam route of nearly forty-eight kilometres.
Managing Movement | Traffic & Transit: Managing the movement of thousands of pilgrims alongside regular tourists and local commuters on National Highway-44 remains one of the most demanding tasks during the Yatra season. To address this challenge, the Jammu and Kashmir Police have implemented a comprehensive traffic management plan supported by strict cut-off timings. Special restrictions regulate traffic through key locations, including the Navyug Tunnel and major transit points such as Mir Bazar, Panthachowk and Shadipora. These measures are designed to prevent congestion and ensure the smooth movement of official convoys. In cases where weather conditions or unforeseen delays prevent vehicles from crossing designated checkpoints within the stipulated time, pilgrims and tourists are directed to secure transit camps for overnight accommodation. The policy of prohibiting unscheduled night halts on open roads has significantly strengthened safety standards.

“In the icy heights of Kashmir, the true success of the Amarnath Yatra relies on the Jammu and Kashmir Police—the silent guardians who look past numbers to secure every pilgrim’s journey with faith and dignity.”

Document Verification, Technological Integration: The Jammu and Kashmir Police also play a crucial role in enforcing registration and identity verification protocols. For the 2026 Yatra, authorities have strictly implemented the principle of “No Registration, No Entry,” ensuring that only authorised pilgrims proceed towards the holy cave. Registered pilgrims are required to carry official registration documents and wear RFID-enabled tags throughout the journey. These tags facilitate real-time monitoring and assist authorities in responding swiftly during emergencies. Likewise, tourists travelling through the region are required to produce valid accommodation records and identification documents. The integration of technology into crowd management and security operations has transformed the Yatra into a more organised and secure pilgrimage.
Disaster Response In The Himalayas: The Himalayan terrain presents unpredictable challenges, including landslides, flash floods, slippery tracks and sudden drops in temperature. Under such circumstances, the role of the Jammu and Kashmir Police extends beyond conventional policing. Specialised Mountain Rescue Teams and disaster management units remain stationed along the routes, equipped with oxygen cylinders, medical supplies and evacuation equipment. Whether assisting pilgrims affected by altitude sickness or responding to weather-related emergencies, these teams frequently serve as the first responders, often saving lives under extremely difficult conditions.
Community Policing And Spirit of Service: Beyond security checkpoints and surveillance systems, the most remarkable contribution of the Jammu and Kashmir Police lies in their commitment to community service. Acting as “Yatri Mitras,” police personnel assist pilgrims by providing guidance, emergency support and information throughout the journey. Assistance centres, the integration of the emergency helpline 112, and cooperation with local communities and langar committees have created an atmosphere of trust and hospitality. Their efforts demonstrate how effective policing can bridge social and regional divides while preserving the sanctity of the pilgrimage. The success of Amarnath Yatra cannot be measured merely by the number of pilgrims who reach the holy cave. Its true success lies in the countless disasters prevented, the orderly movement of thousands of vehicles across challenging terrain, and the unwavering presence of security personnel standing guard at altitudes exceeding 12,000 feet. As custodians of one of India’s most significant spiritual journeys, the Jammu and Kashmir Police continue to uphold a tradition of service, sacrifice and dedication. Their role extends far beyond maintaining law and order; they are the silent guardians who ensure that every pilgrim undertakes the sacred journey with faith, dignity and security. In the icy heights of Kashmir, where devotion meets endurance, the men and women of the Jammu and Kashmir Police stand as the steadfast guardians of faith.
(The author a research scholar is a freelancer. The views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this article are those of the author and aren’t necessarily in accord with the views of “Kashmir Horizon”)
rizwanroomi2012@gmail.com